Table 3 Differences in change scores between the active tRNS group and the sham group.

From: Improvement in creativity after transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

 

Active tRNS Group

Sham group

ANOVA for change scores

Effect size

Mean Change Score (95% CI)

SD

Mean Change Score

(95% CI)

SD

F

p a

d (95% CI)

RAT

3.90 (2.3 to 5.7)

3.01

−1.06 (−2.5 to 0.4)

2. 89

18.14

<0.001

1.68 (0.81 to 2.46)

Figural fluency

1.63 (0.5 to 2.8)

1.96

0.60 (−0.3 to 1.6)

2.02

1.70

0.20

0.50 (−0.24 to 1.22)

Figural originality

0.18 (−1.0 to 1.4)

2.08

−0.46 (−1.4 to 0.4)

1.72

0.75

0.40

0.35 (−0.38 to 1.06)

Figural elaboration

6.07 (1.0 to 11.2)

11.84

−1.46 (−6.2 to 3.2)

9.99

4.17

0.05

0.68 (−0.07 to1.40)

UU fluency

3.54 (2.1 to 5.2)

2.54

−0.46 (−1.5 to 0.5)

1.75

20.69

<0.001

2.29 (1.32 to 3.14)

UU originality

3.27 (2.3 to 4.1)

1.81

−0.07 (−1.4 to 1.3)

2.76

15.28

<0.001

1.43 (0.60 to 2.19)

UU Flexibility

0.69 (−0.6 to 2.1)

2.69

−0.06 (−1.0 to 0.9)

1.75

0.83

0.37

0.31 (−0.42 to 1.02)

Total creativity

0.37 (0.1 to 0.6)

0.52

−0.37 (−0.6 to −0.1)

0.50

15.43

0.001

1.45 (0.61 to 2.21)

  1. Abbreviations: tRNS = Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation; CI = Confidence Interval; SD = Standard deviation; RAT = Remote Associates Test; UU = Unusual Uses Test from The Torrance Test of Creative Thinking; Change score = post intervention score minus baseline score; d = Cohen’s d. CI and Standard Errors (SEs) from bootstrap analyses.
  2. aSignificance levels were determined using F tests based on the estimated SEs from bootstrap analyses for that comparison, rather than using a pooled estimate to show SEs.
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