Figure 2

Time evolution of the snow reliability index (including reanalysis annual values) for (a) groomed snow conditions and (b) groomed snow conditions with snowmaking, including independent estimates of annual ski-lift ticket sales. Time evolution of the frequency of snow seasons exhibiting fractional snow reliability values lower than the snow scarcity threshold Q20 for (c) groomed snow conditions and (d) groomed snow conditions with snowmaking. (e) Water demand associated to the production of snow, including independent estimates of the water volumes used for snowmaking²⁷. All figures display the 15-yr average of the reanalysis and multi-model mean and standard deviation of 15-yr averages for historical and future climate scenarios.