Table 1 Study participants.

Demographics		n	HIV-infected children	n	Uninfected controls	P-value
Demographics		n	Median (IQR) or n (%)	n	Median (IQR) or n (%)	P-value
Age at inclusion (years)		34	13.6 (11.5–15.9)	37	12.1 (11.5–15.7)	0.28
Sex (male)		34	16 (47)	37	18 (48)	0.82
Ethnicity (black)		34	25 (74)	37	26 (70)	0.80
BMI (kg/m²)		33	18.5 (17.3–21.1)	37	19.6 (17.1–22)	0.57
Blood pressure (mmHg)	systolic	33	110 (100–112)	37	105 (95–112)	0.10
Blood pressure (mmHg)	diastolic	33	65 (60–72)	37	65 (60–70)	0.82
HIV
Age at HIV diagnosis		34	2.4 (0.7–4.9)
CDC stage C		34	9 (26)
CD4⁺ T-cell Z-score	at nadir	32	−0.7 (−1.5–0.3)
CD4⁺ T-cell Z-score	at inclusion	34	−0.1 (−0.3–0.2)
cART
cART	use at inclusion	34	29 (85)
cART	age at initiation (years)	30	2.6 (1.0–5.9)
Protease inhibitors	use at inclusion	34	9 (26)
Protease inhibitors	lifetime exposure (years)	20	8.1 (5.6–9.5)
Abacavir	use at inclusion	34	14 (41)
Abacavir	lifetime exposure (years)	27	6.6 (3.2–10.6)
Blood HIV RNA <150 copies/ml		34	28 (83)
CSF HIV RNA <400 copies/ml		24	20 (83)

Demographic and clinical characteristics of HIV-infected children and uninfected controls, presented as median (IQR) or n (%), where appropriate.
Definitions: HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; n = number; BMI = body mass index; CDC stage = Centres for Disease Control and Prevention stage (N/A = no/minimal symptoms, B = moderate symptoms, C = severe disease or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome); CD4⁺ T-cell Z-score = standard deviation from age-appropriate mean CD4⁺ T-cell count; cART = combination antiretroviral therapy; CSF = cerebrospinal fluid.

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