Table 7 Musculoskeletal modules of the anencephalic fetus 1 head using AnNA (see Text).

From: First use of anatomical networks to study modularity and integration of heads, forelimbs and hindlimbs in abnormal anencephalic and cyclopic vs normal human development

Module/Complex

p.value

Bones

Muscles

1 Left upper-mid face

0.00688

Frontal.Left, Zygomatic.Left, Maxilla.Left, Interparietal.Left, Exooccipital.Left, Sphenoid.Left

Frontalis.Left, Auricularis.Superior.Left, Orbicularis.Oculi.Left, Levator.Labii.Superioris.Left, Zygomaticus.Major.Left, Zygomaticus.Minor.Left, Temporalis.Left

2 Left skull-mandible-lower face

0.3549

Mandible.Left, Petrous.Temporals,

Auricularis.Posterior.Left, Orbicularis.Oris, Depressor.Labii.Inferioris.Left, Mentalis.Left, Buccinator.Left, Masseter.Left

3 Right mandible-lower face

0.02036

Mandible.Right

Depressor.Anguli.Oris.Right, Depressor.Labii.Inferioris.Right, Mentalis.Right, Mylohyoideus, Digastricus.Anterior

4 Right upper-mid face

0.00669

Frontal.Right, Zygomatic.Right, Maxilla.Right, Nasal, Vomer, Ethmoid, Sphenoid.Right

Frontalis.Right, Orbicularis.Oculi.Right, Procerus, Nasalis.Left

5 skull-digastric-neck muscles

0.00376

Supraoccipital.Right., Interparietal.Right, Exooccipital.Right,

Digastricus.Posterior.Right, Trapezius.Right, Sternocleidomastoideus.Right

6

0.40683

 

Risorius.Left, Depressor.Anguli.Oris.Left, Platysma

7

0.08602

Supraoccipital.Left,

Digastricus.Posterior.Left, Trapezius.Left, Sternocleidomastoideus.Left

8

1

 

Extra.Muscle.Over.Nose.Right, Strange.Muscle.Over.Nose.Left

9

1

 

Buccinator.Right

10

1

 

Masseter.Right