Figure 3

TBO with LED penetrating through soft tissue destroyed biofilms formed by P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum. The biofilm disruption by TBO with LED penetrating soft tissues. P. gingivalis (A) and F. nucleatum (B) were incubated in 96-well microtiter plates for 72 h to form a rigid biofilm. Then, TBO dissolved in PBS was added to the wells to obtain final concentrations of 0.16, 0.33, and 0.98 mM. After 5 min of incubation, TBO-containing wells were exposed to 3, 30, and 60 mW/cm² of LED irradiation through 3-mm-thick artificial skin for 1 min and 5 min, followed by incubation for 24 h. The residual biofilms were quantified by crystal-violet staining. The data represent mean ± standard deviation (n = 2); *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs. control (without TBO and without LED exposure).