Figure 1

Map of Kaziranga National Park showing major habitat types, water bodies, our survey routes along which elephants were systematically photographed, and detectors to which nearest elephant observations were aggregated. The Brahmaputra River forms a natural boundary for Kaziranga on the north, while adjoining forests, including the highlands of Karbi Anglong to the south, provide additional habitat and refuge for wildlife during periodic floods that inundate large parts of the park.