Figure 4 | Scientific Reports

Figure 4

From: Boiling Histotripsy-induced Partial Mechanical Ablation Modulates Tumour Microenvironment by Promoting Immunogenic Cell Death of Cancers

Figure 4

(a) Mechanical damage induced in the collagen gel in the absence of the 3D breast cancer cell spheroids at the HIFU focus after the boiling histotripsy exposure. Immediately after the HIFU exposure, the collagen gel was cut through the middle line (bottom view). (b) shows the cross-section of the collagen gel indicating a “tadpole” shaped mechanically fractionated lesion resulting from the boiling histotripsy exposure. The HIFU beam propagates from bottom to top. Inset: in greyscale. (c) Microscopic images of the observation of mechanically fractionated breast cancer cell spheroids in the 0.6% collagen gel. (d) Corresponding confocal images of (c) showing breast cancer cell death after the BH exposure. Live & Dead assay analysis was performed. A scale bar represents 100 μm. Five 10 ms HIFU pulses with P+ of 85 MPa, P− of −14 MPa, duty cycle of 1% and PRF of 1 Hz were employed. CON = Control group (i.e., no boiling histotripsy exposure). BH = Boiling histotripsy.

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