Table 1 Estimated risk of selected socio-demographic and some medical history and personal characteristics in preeclampsia.
Characteristics | Preeclampsia | Controls | RR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
Maternal age (years) | n (%) | n (%) | |
<20 | 20 (23) | 271 (25.1) | 0.91 [0.48–1.74] |
20–34 | 60 (69) | 736 (68.2) | Ref. |
>34 | 7 (8) | 71 (6.7) | 1.19 [0.50–2.85] |
Ethnicity | |||
White | 27 (31) | 435 (40.3) | Ref. |
Others | 60 (69) | 643 (59.7) | 1.46 [0.84–2.55] |
Marital status a | |||
With partner | 63 (72.4) | 777 (72.0) | Ref. |
Without partner | 24 (27.6) | 296 (27.4) | 1.00 [0.47–2.12] |
Schooling (years) | |||
<12 | 58 (66.6) | 733 (68.0) | Ref. |
≥12 | 29 (33.4) | 345 (32.0) | 1.06 [0.45–2.51] |
Annual Family Income (US$) | |||
Up to 3000 | 24 (27.6) | 280 (25.9) | 1.18 [0.63–2.23] |
3000 to 6000 | 31 (35.6) | 350 (32.4) | 1.22 [0.64–2.34] |
Above 6000 | 32 (36.8) | 448 (41.7) | Ref. |
Source of prenatal care | |||
Entirely public | 81 (93.1) | 927 (85.9) | 2.10 [0.50–8.93] |
Private/insurance/mixed | 6 (6.9) | 151 (14.1) | Ref. |
Family history of hypertensive disease | |||
Any hypertensive disorderb | 16 (18.4) | 141 (13.0) | 1.47 [0.83–2.60] |
Pregnancy of participant’s mother | 4 (4.6) | 43 (3.9) | 1.15 [0.12–10.62] |
Smoking | |||
No smoking | 81 (93.1) | 997 (92.4) | Ref. |
Stopped during pregnancy/current smoker | 6 (6.9) | 81 (7.5) | 0.92 [0.18–4.58] |
Use of illicit drugs c | |||
Non-user | 68 (78.2) | 873 (80.9) | Ref. |
Ceased during pregnancy/current user | 2 (2.3) | 52 (4.8) | 0.51 [0.22–1.22] |
Weight gain rate per week (kg) d | |||
<0.25 | 14 (16.1) | 127 (11.7) | 1.67 [0.42–6.59] |
0.25–0.49 | 23 (26.4) | 364 (33.7) | Ref. |
0.50–0.74 | 26 (29.9) | 367 (34.0) | 1.11 [0.70–1.77] |
≥0.75 | 15 (17.2) | 109 (10.1) | 2.04 [1.12–3.69] |
Body Mass Index at enrolment e,& | |||
Underweight (<21.5 kg/m2) | 9 (10.3) | 190 (17.6) | 0.74 [0.38–1.45] |
Normal weight (21.5–26.2) | 28 (32.2) | 433 (40.1) | Ref. |
Overweight (26.3–30.9) | 22 (25.3) | 280 (25.9) | 1.20 [0.75–1.92] |
Obesity (>30.9) | 28 (32.2) | 174 (16.1) | 2.28 [1.39–3.74] |
Any previous maternal conditions (anaemia, thyroid, asthma, previous hypertensive disorder*, depression, POS) | |||
No | 53 (60.9) | 730 (67.7) | Ref. |
Yes | 34 (39.1) | 348 (32.3) | 1.31 [0.66–2.60] |
Diastolic pressure at 20 weeks’ gestation e | |||
<75 mmHg | 64 (73.6) | 937 (86.9) | Ref. |
≥75 mmHg | 23 (26.4) | 140 (12.9) | 2.21 [1.30–3.74] |
Total | 87 | 1078 | |
