Figure 1
A priori SEM model with hypothesised direct and indirect effects of urban gardening on soil multifunctionality. Expected positive relationships are given in black and negative ones in red, grey arrows represent both positive and negative effects. We expected that annual vegetables (arrows 1a) will negatively influence plant and soil fauna as well as soil multifunctionality compared to perennial grass sites, while perennial flowers (arrows 1b) will show positive effects. Management intensity (arrows 2) is expected to negatively affect plant diversity and soil fauna as well as soil multifunctionality. Higher plant diversity (arrows 3) is hypothesised to have a positive effect on soil fauna and soil multifunctionality. Soil fauna diversity and biomass (arrows 4a & 4b) are also expected to have a positive effect on soil multifunctionality. Urbanisation (arrows 5) might have a positive or negative effect on soil fauna and soil multifunctionality. Expected effects of soil characteristics (arrows 6) can be found in Fig. S9.
