Table 3 Final most parsimonious structural equation model (SEM; AICc = 156.3, Fisher’s C = 24.3, P = 0.93) indicating direct and indirect effects on soil multifunctionality from garden land-use types, garden management, plant and soil fauna diversity, soil fauna biomass, soil characteristics and urbanisation.

From: Direct and indirect effects of urban gardening on aboveground and belowground diversity influencing soil multifunctionality

Response	R²_C	R²_M	Predictor	Estimate ± SE	P
Soil multifunctionality	0.74	0.58	Soil PC1	−0.61 ± 0.06	<0.001***
			Plant diversity	0.17 ± 0.06	0.01**
			Fauna biomass	0.17 ± 0.07	0.02*
			Vegetables	−0.40 ± 0.20	0.03*
			Soil PC3	0.12 ± 0.06	0.08
			Urbanisation	0.11 ± 0.07	0.12
			Soil PC2	0.12 ± 0.08	0.15
			Management intensity	0.08 ± 0.06	0.22
			Flowers & berries	−0.08 ± 0.10	0.61
			Soil PC4	−0.03 ± 0.06	0.69
			Fauna diversity	−0.01 ± 0.06	0.83
Fauna diversity	0.25	0.11	Plant diversity	0.25 ± 0.09	0.005**
			Soil PC1	−0.18 ± 0.08	0.03*
			Urbanisation	−0.15 ± 0.09	0.09
			Vegetables	−0.26 ± 0.20	0.17
			Management intensity	0.08 ± 0.09	0.37
			Flowers & berries	−0.02 ± 0.20	0.92
Fauna biomass	0.43	0.37	Fauna diversity	0.46 ± 0.07	<0.001***
			Flowers & berries	−0.70 ± 0.20	<0.001***
			Vegetables	−0.66 ± 0.20	<0.001***
			Management intensity	−0.18 ± 0.07	0.01*
			Plant diversity	0.09 ± 0.07	0.20
			Urbanisation	0.04 ± 0.07	0.56
Plant diversity	0.39	0.08	Management intensity	−0.22 ± 0.08	0.01**
			Flowers & berries	0.37 ± 0.20	0.04*
			Vegetables	0.29 ± 0.20	0.09
Soil PC1	0.48	0.02	Urbanisation	−0.12 ± 0.10	0.24
			Vegetables	0.17 ± 0.20	0.30
			Management intensity	−0.05 ± 0.08	0.55
			Flowers & berries	0.04 ± 0.20	0.81
Soil PC2	0.60	0.44	Vegetables	−1.60 ± 0.10	<0.001***
			Flowers & berries	−0.79 ± 0.10	<0.001***
			Management intensity	0.05 ± 0.06	0.47
			Urbanisation	−0.04 ± 0.07	0.61
Soil PC3	0.76	0.01	Vegetables	0.16 ± 0.10	0.16
			Management intensity	0.07 ± 0.07	0.32
			Flowers & berries	−0.02 ± 0.10	0.86
			Urbanisation	−0.01 ± 0.10	0.90
Soil PC4	0.47	0.02	Vegetables	0.22 ± 0.20	0.18
			Urbanisation	−0.09 ± 0.10	0.40
			Flowers & berries	−0.04 ± 0.20	0.83
			Management intensity	−0.01 ± 0.08	0.93

R²_M is based on fixed effects and R²_C on fixed and random (garden ID) effects. Total estimates of indirect pathways are given in Table S6.

Back to article page

Search

Quick links