Table 1 Characteristics of the Full Cohort by Birth Weight (Z-score) and Grip Strength (Newton), Swedish Males Born At-term Between 1973–1976.
Characteristic | Full cohort | High grip strength and High birth weighta | High grip strength and Low birth weighta | Low grip strength and High birth weighta | Low grip strength and Low birth weighta |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 144,369 | N = 41,535 | N = 32,723 | N = 30,801 | N = 39,310 | |
Gestational age (weeks), mean (SD) | 39.6 (1.1) | 39.6 (1.1) | 39.6 (1.1) | 39.6 (1.1) | 39.6 (1.1) |
Birth weight (g), mean (SD) | 3,573.9 (486.4) | 3,953.0 (347.5) | 3,245.3 (300.1) | 3,901.4 (329.0) | 3,190.2 (329.6) |
Handgrip strength (N), mean (SD) | 614.3 (97.4) | 693.6 (70.2) | 681.2 (63.4) | 540.6 (51.1) | 532.7 (54.3) |
BMI (kg/m²) at conscription, mean (SD) | 22.1 (3.0) | 22.9 (3.0) | 22.6 (3.0) | 21.6 (2.9) | 21.3 (2.9) |
Height (cm) at conscription, mean (SD) | 179.7 (6.5) | 182.5 (6.1) | 179.7 (6.0) | 179.6 (6.1) | 176.7 (6.1) |
Age at conscription, mean (SD) | 18.3 (0.4) | 18.3 (0.4) | 18.3 (0.4) | 18.3 (0.4) | 18.3 (0.4) |
Maternal age at birth, mean (SD) | 26.8 (4.8) | 27.1 (4.8) | 26.3 (4.7) | 27.4 (4.9) | 26.5 (4.8) |
Maternal parity, median (IQR) | 2.0 (1.0, 2.0) | 2.0 (1.0, 2.0) | 1.0 (1.0, 2.0) | 2.0 (1.0, 2.0) | 2.0 (1.0, 2.0) |
Maternal diabetes mellitus at pregnancy, n (%) | 382 (0.3%) | 134 (0.3%) | 46 (0.1%) | 110 (0.4%) | 92 (0.2%) |
Birth by cesarean section, n (%) | 9,556 (6.6%) | 2,384 (5.7%) | 2,119 (6.5%) | 1,929 (6.3%) | 3,124 (7.9%) |
Maternal hypertension at pregnancy, n (%) | 60 (<1%) | 16 (<1%) | 15 (<1%) | 12 (<1%) | 17 (<1%) |
Parental highest level of education, n (%) | |||||
Primary education ≤10 years | 22,470 (15.6%) | 6,430 (15.5%) | 5,240 (16.0%) | 4,689 (15.2%) | 6,111 (15.5%) |
Secondary education ≤2-years | 47,849 (33.1%) | 13,796 (33.2%) | 11,174 (34.1%) | 9,801 (31.8%) | 13,078 (33.3%) |
Secondary education >2 years | 23,991 (16.6%) | 6,722 (16.2%) | 5,438 (16.6%) | 5,144 (16.7%) | 6,687 (17.0%) |
University level | 50,059 (34.7%) | 14,587 (35.1%) | 10,871 (33.2%) | 11,167 (36.3%) | 13,434 (34.2%) |
