Figure 1

Responsiveness and learning protocols for appetitive and aversive hedonic modalities performed on the same individuals (n = 226). (A) Heat responsiveness. Red circles, %SER to a series of increasing temperatures; white circles, %SER of the same bees to the presentation of a tactile (unheated) stimulus (control). (B) Sucrose responsiveness. Blue circles, %PER to a series of sucrose solutions of increasing concentration; white circles, %PER of the same bees to the presentation of water (control). (C) Differential aversive conditioning of the SER. Red circles, %SER to the CS+ (reinforced odor) along the 8 trials; white circles, %SER to the CS− (non-reinforced odor). (D) Differential appetitive conditioning of the PER. Blue circles, %PER to the CS+ along the 8 trials; white circles, %PER to the CS−. (ANOVA for repeated measurements, AB; stimulus x concentration or CD: stimulus x trial interaction, ***p < 0.001).