Table 5 Adjusted prevalence of indicators of renal damage by education and economic development.

   Primary school or lower, tertile 1

3.1 (3.5–4.2)

19.0 (18.1–19.9)

30.8 (29.7–31.8)

12.5 (11.8–13.3)

58.6 (56.2–61.0)

29.2 (27.0–31.4)

4.5 (4.0–5.0)

21.0 (20.1–21.9)

   Junior high school, tertile 2

0.6 (0.5–0.8)

12.9 (12.2–13.6)

19.7 (18.9–20.6)

6.8 (6.2–7.3)

59.1 (55.6–62.6)

23.4 (20.4–26.5)

2.3 (2.0–2.6)

13.4 (12.7–14.1)

   Senior high school or higher, tertile 3

2.4 (1.6–2.4)

13.4 (12.7–14.2)

7.6 (7.0–8.2)

4.8 (4.3–5.2)

55.1 (49.9–60.4)

29.4 (24.6–34.2)

1.5 (1.2–1.7)

15.1 (14.3–15.9)

   *P_trend

0.01

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

0.38

<0.01

<0.001

<0.001

   ≤500, tertile 1

2.0 (1.6–2.4)

15.7 (14.7–16.8)

27.0 (25.8–28.3)

11.8 (10.8–12.8)

62.4 (59.2–65.6)

25.1 (22.2–27.9)

3.1 (2.6–3.6)

17.0 (16.0–18.1)

   500-, tertile 2

0.5 (0.3–0.7)

13.5 (12.7–14.4)

21.7 (20.6–22.8)

7.4 (6.7–8.1)

57.6 (53.8–61.4)

20.1 (17.0–23.2)

2.6 (2.2–3.0)

13.8 (12.9–14.7)

   ≥1000, tertile 3

1.9 (1.6–2.2)

15.7 (15.0–16.5)

17.0 (16.2–17.8)

7.5 (7.0–8.1)

54.1 (50.7–57.5)

25.7 (22.8–28.7)

2.5 (2.1–2.8)

16.8 (16.0–17.6)

   *P_trend

<0.001

<0.01

<0.001

<0.001

0.001

<0.01

0.03

<0.001