Table 7 Risk factors associated with indicators of renal damage in participants with diabetes.

From: Prevalence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease and diabetic kidney disease in Chinese rural residents: a cross-sectional survey

Age

eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2

Albuminuria

Crude OR

Adjusted OR

Crude OR

Adjusted OR

18-

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Age changed by 10 years

1.72 (1.40–2.12)

1.61 (1.12–2.16)

1.02 (0.94–1.10)

0.94 (0.84–1.04)

Gender

   Women

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Men

1.38 (0.96–1.98)

1.97 (1.15–3.37)

1.06 (0.90–1.26)

1.40 (1.13–1.74)

Education

   ≤Primary school

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Junior high school

0.51 (0.32–0.83)

0.88 (0.49–1.60)

0.88 (0.73–1.05)

0.89 (0.72–1.11)

   ≥Senior high school

1.08 (0.66–1.79)

0.47 (0.15–1.44)

0.78 (0.61–1.01)

0.77 (0.55–1.06)

Per capita monthly income (RMB)

   ≤500

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

   500–1000

0.45 (0.23–0.88)

0.69 (0.34–1.40)

1.15 (0.93–1.42)

1.21 (0.96–1.52)

   ≥1000

1.13 (0.70–1.81)

1.72 (1.01–2.95)

1.03 (0.84–1.26)

1.06 (0.85–1.32)

   Alcohol consumption

1.33 (0.73–2.45)

1.75 (0.66–4.66)

0.99 (0.78–1.27)

1.13 (0.83–1.54)

   Diet rich in fruits and vegetables

0.92 (0.64–1.34)

0.94 (0.56–1.58)

1.14 (0.97–1.34)

1.25 (1.04–1.51)

   High fat diet

0.38 (0.18–0.78)

0.50 (0.19–1.30)

0.92 (0.74–1.16)

0.93 (0.72–1.20)

Physical activity

   Low

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Moderate

0.23 (0.13–0.39)

0.52 (0.27–0.99)

0.78 (0.65–0.93)

0.84 (0.68–1.04)

   High

0.72 (0.47–1.10)

1.08 (0.62–1.89)

0.83 (0.67–1.02)

0.90 (0.71–1.14)

Body mass index

   Healthy weight

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Underweight

0.73 (0.22–2.41)

NA

1.19 (0.70–2.04)

1.27 (0.64–1.53)

   Overweight

0.55 (0.36–0.84)

0.66 (0.38–1.14)

1.09 (0.90–1.33)

0.98 (0.79–1.22)

   Obesity

0.51 (0.31–0.86)

0.81 (0.43–1.55)

1.41 (1.14–1.76)

1.15 (0.89–1.47)

   Hypertension

1.54 (1.08–2.21)

1.48 (0.88–2.47)

2.01 (1.71–2.36)

1.99 (1.64–2.40)

   Dyslipidemia

0.32 (0.21–0.49)

0.36 (0.20–0.63)

1.21 (1.03–1.42)

1.20 (1.00–1.45)

   Hyperuricemia

4.46 (2.95–6.76)

5.08 (2.82–9.17)

1.55 (1.19–2.03)

1.16 (0.84–1.59)

  1. Note: Data were crude and multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (95% Confidence Interval).
  2. Abbreviation: DKD, diabetic kidney disease; NA, not applicable.
  3. Reference level: Gender = Woman; Education = Primary school; Per capita monthly income = 500 –; Alcohol consumption = No; Diet rich in fruits and vegetables = No; High fat diet = No; Physical activity = Low; Body mass index = Healthy weight; Diabetes = No; Hypertension = No; Dyslipidemia = No; Hyperuricemia = No.
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