Table 2 Hazard ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) for coronary heart disease in patients with advanced/severe stage dental caries as compared to those without dental caries in the National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening Cohort (NHIS-HEALS).

	Without Dental Caries (N = 104,638)	Advanced/Severe Stage Dental Caries^a				P for trend
	Without Dental Caries (N = 104,638)	Quartile 1 (N = 25,212)	Quartile 2 (N = 19,395)	Quartile 3 (N = 21,605)	Quartile 4 (N = 22,051)	P for trend
Outpatient visits
Median (IQR)		7 (5 to 9)	13 (12 to 15)	21 (19 to 24)	40 (32 to 55)
Coronary Heart Disease ^b
No. of Events	3,152	659	595	741	868
Person-Years	808,004	195,804	150,251	167,268	169,863
Multivariable Model 1	1 (reference)	0.85 (0.78–0.93)^***	0.99 (0.90–1.08)	1.09 (1.00–1.18)^*	1.21 (1.12–1.31)^***	<0.001
Multivariable Model 2	1 (reference)	0.84 (0.78–0.92)^***	0.97 (0.89–1.06)	1.06 (0.98–1.15)	1.16 (1.07–1.25)^***	0.001
Multivariable Model 3	1 (reference)	0.87 (0.80–0.95)^***	0.98 (0.90–1.08)	1.06 (0.97–1.15)	1.13 (1.04–1.22)^**	0.005

^aIncludes ICD-10 codes for irreversible pulpitis (K04.0), necrosis of pulp (K04.1), and periapical abscess with sinus (K04.6) with at least 2 outpatient visits.
^bIncludes ICD-10 codes for coronary heart disease (I20–I25).
NOTE: Models represent multivariable Cox regression models.
Model 1 adjusted for age, sex, insurance premium, residential area.
Model 2 adjusted for variables included in Model 1 and year of diagnosis, physical activity, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, total cholesterol level, fasting serum glucose level, systolic blood pressure, body mass index.
Model 3 adjusted for variable included in Model 2 and family history of heart disease, and Charlson Comorbidity Index.
Abbreviation: IQR, interquartile range; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence intervals; ICD, international classification of diseases
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

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