Table 1 Changes in sperm motility parameters following exposure to either BPA or BPA with antioxidants compared to the control.

Parameters	Control	BPA	BPA + GSH	BPA + Vit C	BPA + Vit E	P-value
MOT (%)	81.54 ± 0.88^a	51.39 ± 1.91^b	64.51 ± 1.64^c	66.55 ± 2.22^c	67.40 ± 3.11^c	<0.001
HYP (%)	9.66 ± 0.87	8.35 ± 0.37	11.31 ± 1.07	8.55 ± 1.23	8.93 ± 1.36	Ns
VCL (µm/s)	113.90 ± 3.61^a,b	113.38 ± 3.22^a,b	122.81 ± 3.30^b	102.93 ± 2.20^a	115.23 ± 3.69^b	0.005
VSL (µm/s)	42.82 ± 1.10^a	39.45 ± 2.00^a,b	43.64 ± 0.98^a	37.09 ± 1.24^b	41.32 ± 1.2^a,b	0.023
VAP (µm/s)	54.89 ± 2.27^a	51.22 ± 1.34^a,b	55.44 ± 1.29^a	46.76 ± 1.40^b	53.91 ± 1.05^a	0.003
LIN (%)	38.09 ± 1.54	36.57 ± 1.25	35.93 ± 0.37	37.91 ± 1.19	35.88 ± 0.33	Ns
BCF	13.57 ± 0.54	12.91 ± 0.37	12.38 ± 0.23	13.57 ± 0.31	13.18 ± 0.24	Ns
WOB	48.36 ± 0.88	46.08 ± 0.39	45.55 ± 0.69	47.73 ± 0.75	46.89 ± 0.85	Ns
DNC	578.37 ± 15.15^a	444.78 ± 13.48^b	640.2 ± 11.12^a	421.41 ± 9.86^b	585.74 ± 8.2^a	0.009
DNM (µm)	13.37 ± 1.23	13.24 ± 0.59	14.63 ± 0.48	11.35 ± 0.51	13.13 ± 0.42	Ns
ALH (µm)	4.96 ± 0.32	4.78 ± 0.14	5.24 ± 0.13	4.29 ± 0.12	5.07 ± 0.13	Ns

All data were analysed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Tukey’s test was used to identify differences between groups. MOT = motility, HYP = hyperactivated motility, VCL = curvilinear velocity, VSL = straight-line velocity, VAP = average path velocity, LIN = linearity, BCF = beat cross frequency; WOB = wobble, DNC = dance, DNM = dance mean, ALH = mean amplitude of head lateral displacement, Ns = not significant, GSH = gamma-glutamylcysteinylglycine, Vit C = vitamin C, Vit E = vitamin E. Data are the means ± SEM of six experimental replicates (three mice per replicate). Values with different superscript characters (^a,b,c) indicate significant differences between the control and treatment groups as determined by one-way analysis of variance. Tukey’s test was used to identify differences between groups. The concentration of bisphenol A (BPA), glutathione (GSH), vitamin C (Vit C), and vitamin E (Vit E) were 100 µM, 5 mM, 100 µM, and 2 mM, respectively.

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