Table 2 Multiple-adjusted associations of parental education with waist circumference by sex.

From: Early-life factors are associated with waist circumference and type 2 diabetes among Ghanaian adults: The RODAM Study

Waist circumference

Men

Women

Model 1

(β; 95% CI)

p

Model 2

(β; 95% CI)

p

Model 1

(β; 95% CI)

p

Model 2

(β; 95% CI)

p

Father’s education

   Never/low

3.6 (2.1, 5.1)

<0.0001

3.4 (1.9, 4.9)

<0.0001

1.7 (0.2, 3.1)

0.022

1.6 (0.2, 3.0)

0.022

   Intermediate

2.6 (1.0, 4.1)

0.002

2.4 (0.9, 4.0)

0.003

1.8 (0.62, 3.0)

0.003

1.9 (0.7, 3.1)

0.002

   Higher

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Mother’s education

   Never/low

3.4 (1.7, 5.2)

0.0002

3.1 (1.4, 4.9)

0.0004

1.9 (0.1, 3.7)

0.042

1.9 (0.1, 3.6)

0.043

   Intermediate

2.8 (0.4, 5.1)

0.025

2.5 (0.2, 4.9)

0.036

−0.6 (−2.3, 1.1)

0.488

−0.6 (−2.4, 1.1)

0.474

   Higher

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Type 2 diabetes

Men

Women

Model 1

(OR; 95% CI)

p

Model 2

(OR; 95% CI)

p

Model 1

(OR; 95% CI)

p

Model 2

(OR; 95% CI)

p

Father’s education

   Never/low

0.86 (0.51, 1.46)

0.578

0.74 (0.43, 1.30)

0.295

1.36 (0.89, 2.08)

0.147

1.50 (0.96, 2.36)

0.077

   Intermediate

1.06 (0.65, 1.71)

0.818

0.94 (0.58, 1.53)

0.806

0.85 (0.57, 1.28)

0.446

0.86 (0.56, 1.32)

0.494

   Higher

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Mother’s education

   Never/low

0.76 (0.40, 1.45)

0.409

0.65 (0.34, 1.27)

0.210

0.91 (0.49, 1.71)

0.772

0.93 (0.48, 1.78)

0.823

   Intermediate

1.21 (0.55, 2.66)

0.627

1.06 (0.48, 2.33)

0.890

0.70 (0.34, 1.45)

0.335

0.75 (0.35, 1.58)

0.441

   Higher

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 
  1. For waist circumference (upper part of the table), beta-coefficients (β), 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and p-values were calculated by linear regression. For type 2 diabetes (bottom part of the table), odds ratios, 95% CIs and p-values were calculated by logistic regression. Model 1 accounted for age (years) and study site (5 categories). Model 2 was additionally adjusted for smoking (current or quit/never), physical activity (MET-hours/week), and energy intake (kcal/d), and for waist circumference (cm) in the logistic model.
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