Table 3 Multiple-adjusted associations of leg length (cm) and leg length-to-height ratio with waist circumference by sex.

From: Early-life factors are associated with waist circumference and type 2 diabetes among Ghanaian adults: The RODAM Study

Leg length (cm)

β coefficient (95% confidence interval)

p trend

β per 1 SD decrease (95% CI)

p

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Leg length (cm)

Men

Waist circumference (cm)

86.6 ± 13.3

87.7 ± 11.3

88.0 ± 12.0

88.3 ± 11.8

89.8 ± 11.5

   

   Model 1

−3.88 (−5.27, −2.49)

−2.96 (−4.35, −1.57)

−2.15 (−3.55, −0.76)

−1.72 (−3.10, −0.33)

1.00

<0.0001

−1.36 (−1.80, −0.91)

<0.0001

   Model 2

−3.87 (−5.25, −2.48)

−2.99 (−4.38, −1.61)

−2.13 (−3.52, −0.75)

−1.73 (−3.11, −0.35)

1.00

<0.0001

−1.35 (−1.79, −0.92)

<0.0001

   Model 3

4.05 (1.77, 6.33)

2.42 (0.58, 4.26)

1.79 (0.15, 3.42)

0.84 (−0.64, 2.32)

1.00

0.0003

1.72 (0.89, 2.55)

<0.0001

Women

Waist circumference (cm)

91.3 ± 12.6

91.7 ± 11.9

91.8 ± 13.6

93.2 ± 12.3

93.7 ± 12.9

   

   Model 1

−2.89 (−4.14, −1.64)

−2.31 (−3.57, −1.05)

−2.10 (−3.38, −0.83)

−0.73 (−1.99, 0.53)

1.00

<0.0001

−1.10 (−1.49, −0.70)

<0.0001

   Model 2

−2.90 (−4.15, −1.65)

−2.31 (−3.57, −1.06)

−2.13 (−3.40, −0.86)

−0.76 (−2.02, 0.50)

1.00

<0.0001

−1.10 (−1.49, −0.70)

<0.0001

   Model 3

5.41 (3.36, 7.47)

3.55 (1.86, 5.24)

2.23 (0.73, 3.74)

2.07 (0.71, 3.42)

1.00

<0.0001

2.42 (1.65, 3.20)

<0.0001

Leg length-to-height ratio

Men

Waist circumference (cm)

91.0 ± 12.2

88.4 ± 12.1

87.7 ± 12.3

87.1 ± 11.9

86.2 ± 11.1

   

   Model 1

1.81 (0.39, 3.23)

0.89 (−0.52, 2.30)

0.91 (−0.49, 2.30)

0.76 (−0.64, 2.15)

1.00

0.020

0.52 (0.07, 0.97)

0.024

   Model 2

1.75 (0.33, 3.17)

0.90 (−0.50, 2.30)

0.88 (−0.51, 2.27)

0.77 (−0.61, 2.16)

1.00

0.022

0.50 (0.05, 0.95)

0.030

Women

Waist circumference (cm)

94.9 ± 13.0

92.9 ± 11.7

92.3 ± 13.1

91.3 ± 12.5

90.4 ± 12.7

   

   Model 1

1.91 (0.57, 3.24)

1.49 (0.21, 2.77)

1.51 (0.23, 2.80)

0.57 (−0.71, 1.85)

1.00

0.002

0.75 (0.32, 1.17)

0.0006

   Model 2

1.92 (0.59, 3.26)

1.45 (0.17, 2.73)

1.54 (0.26, 2.82)

0.55 (−0.73, 1.82)

1.00

0.002

0.76 (0.33, 1.18)

0.0005

  1. Waist circumference is presented as mean ± standard deviation. Beta-coefficients (β), 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and p-values for waist circumference were calculated by linear regression. Model 1 accounted for age (years) and study site (5 categories). Model 2 was additionally adjusted for smoking (current or quit/never), physical activity (MET-hours/week), and energy intake (kcal/d). Model 3 was additionally adjusted for body height (cm).
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