Table 3 Relationship between studied gene polymorphisms and neonatal anthropometric bioimpedance characteristics.

Factors	Birth weight (kg)		MUAC (cm)		TST (cm)
Factors	Mean ± SD	p⁺	Median[Q1; Q3]	p⁺	Median[Q1; Q3]	p⁺
BMI initial (kg/m ² )
<25	3.33 ± 0.45	0.094	10.5[10.0; 11.3]	0.075	2.8[2.3; 3.4]	0.912
≥25	3.46 ± 0.45	0.094	11.0[10.5; 11.5]	0.075	2.9[2.4; 3.2]	0.912
GWG status
Insufficient	3.11 ± 0.49	<0.001	10.3[9.7; 10.8]	0.005	2.3[2.0; 2.8]	<0.001
Normal	3.28 ± 0.43		10.5[10.2; 11.4]		2.8[2.4; 3.5]
Excessive	3.46 ± 0.42		11.0[10.5; 11.5]		2.3[2.0; 2.8]
*MC4R* rs17782313 Maternal SNP
TT	3.37 ± 0.43	0.892	11.0[10.3; 11.5]	0.149	2.9[2.3; 3.4]	0.519
CT + CC	3.36 ± 0.48	0.892	10.5[10.0; 11.5]	0.149	2.8[2.4; 3.5]	0.519
*ENPP1* rs1044498 Maternal SNP
AA	3.35 ± 0.43	0.333	10.5[10.0; 11.3]	0.085	2.8[2.3; 3.2]	0.208
AC + CC	3.42 ± 0.49	0.333	11.0[10.3; 11.5]	0.085	3.0 [2.4; 3.4]	0.208
*MC4R* rs17782313 Neonates SNP
TT	3.40 ± 0.45	0.250	11.0[10.3; 11.5]	0.035	2.8[2.3; 3.2]	0.346
CT + CC	3.32 ± 0.48	0.250	10.5[10.0; 11.2]	0.035	3.0 [2.4; 3.4]	0.346
*ENPP1* rs1044498 Neonates SNP
AA	3.35 ± 0.42	0.538	10.5[10.0; 11.4]	0.105	2.8[2.3; 3.2]	0.123
AC + CC	3.40 ± 0.45	0.538	11.0[10.3; 11.5]	0.105	3.0 [2.3; 3.5]	0.123

Legend: SD = standard deviation; Q1 = first quartile; Q3 = third quartile; ⁺p-values obtained from Student-t test for independent samples, ANOVA test or nonparametric test (as Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis).
BMI: Body mass index, BW: birth weight, MUAC: Middle upper arm circumference, SD: standard deviation, TST: Tricipital skinfold thickness.
ENPP1 rs1044498 A > C: nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase gene polymorphisms (AA = reference category); AA – homozygous for A allele; AC – heterozygous; CC - homozygous for C allele;
MC4R rs17782313 T > C: melanocortin- 4 receptor gene polymorphisms (TT = reference category); CC - homozygous for C allele; CT - heterozygous; TT- homozygous for T allele.

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