Figure 3
From: Predator-induced fear causes PTSD-like changes in the brains and behaviour of wild animals
Effect of immediately previously heard playbacks of, predator (red) and non-predator (blue) vocalizations, and conspecific alarm calls signalling the highest level of predator danger (‘high zee’ calls; orange) and a lower level of predator danger (‘chick-a-dee’ calls; yellow), on short-term neuronal activation in (a) the amygdala and (b) hippocampus, as quantified by c-Fos immunoreactivity (positive cells/mm2). Letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) in Dunnett’s tests comparing the other treatments vs. the control (non-predator). Values are means ± S.E.
