Table 1 Bone parameters for the appendicular skeleton (tibia:n = 5 and humerus:n = 9–10) as measured by µCT.

From: The effects of spaceflight and fracture healing on distant skeletal sites

Parameters

Ground

Flight

Sham

Surgery

Sham

Surgery

Tibia

Trabecular bone

BV/TV (%)

25.1(4.3)

18.1 (3.5)*

18.2 (1.5)†

18.9 (8.9)

Tb. Th (mm)

0.052 (0.002)

0.047 (0.005)

0.044 (0.007)†

0.055 (0.014)

Tb.N (mm−1)

6.9 (0.4)

6.3 (0.5)

5.9 (0.8) †

5.8 (0.3) †

Tb.Sp (mm)

0.129 (0.010)

0.144 (0.012)

0.153 (0.017) †

0.160 (0.013)

SMI

1.7 (0.3)

2.5 (0.3)*

2.2 (0.2) †

2.3 (0.5)

Cortical bone

B.Ar/T.Ar (%)

71 (2)

54 (3)*

70 (5)

56 (3)*

M.Ar (mm2)

0.30 (0.04)

0.59 (0.07)*

0.31 (0.02)

0.59 (0.10)*

T.Ar (mm2)

1.03 (0.10)

1.28 (0.09)*

1.03 (0.08)

1.33 (0.14)*

B.Ar (mm2)

0.73 (0.08)

0.69 0.05)

0.72 (0.09)

0.74 (0.05)

Humerus

Trabecular bone

BV/TV (%)

13.6 (4.7)

12.6 (5.2)

14.1 (5.8)

11.3 (4.4)

Tb.Th (mm)

0.064 (0.006)

0.062 (0.006)

0.064 (0.006)

0.063 (0.007)

Tb.N (mm−1)

2.1 (0.6)

2.0 (0.7)

2.1 (0.7)

1.7 (0.6)

Tb.Sp (mm)

0.24 (0.04)

0.24 (0.04)

0.23 (0.05)

0.27 (0.06)

SMI

2.5 0.05)

2.6 (0.07)

2.6 (0.07)

2.6 (0.04)

Cortical bone

B.Ar/T.Ar (%)

61 (2)

60 (3)

60 (5)

58 (3)

M.Ar (mm2)

0.36 (0.03)

0.36 (0.03)

0.37 (0.04)

0.40 (0.03) †

T.Ar (mm2)

0.94 (0.07)

0.91 (0.05)

0.90 (0.06)

0.95 (0.03)

B.Ar (mm2)

0.58 (0.05)

0.55 (0.04)

0.53 (0.07)

0.55 (0.03)

  1. Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). Bolded values indicate significant interactions were detected by 2-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc analyses for parametric datasets. For non-parametric datasets, Art-ANOVA was used to determine significance (no significant differences were detected). A Student’s t-test was used to detect significant differences based on (i) Surgery (e.g., Ground + Sham vs. Ground + Surgery or Flight + Sham vs. Flight + Surgery, p < 0.05, designated by *) or (ii) gravity (e.g., Ground + Sham vs. Flight + Sham or Ground + Surgery vs. Flight + Surgery, p < 0.05, designated by †). BV = Bone volume; TV = Tissue volume; Tb.Th = Trabecular thickness; Tb.N = Trabecular number; Tb.Sp = Trabecular spacing; SMI = Structure model index; B.Ar = Bone area; T.Ar = Tissue area; M.Ar = Marrow area.
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