Figure 3

Effects of treatments with neonicotinoid insecticides on the ballooning activity of Oedothorax apicatus (a,b) and Phylloneta impressa (c,d) after 1 h and 24 h post-exposure periods. The data are shown as the proportion of spiders that ballooned when tested after 1 h or 24 h following exposure to neonicotinoids. The neonicotinoids were either applied wet dorsally (a,c) or the spiders were exposed to their dry residues tarsally (b,d).