Figure 4

Effects of treatments with neonicotinoid insecticides on the rappelling activity of Oedothorax apicatus (a,b) and Phylloneta impressa (c,d) after 1 h and 24 h post-exposure periods. The data are shown as the length of descent that the spiders performed while being secured by a dragline when tested after 1 h or 24 h following exposure to neonicotinoids. The neonicotinoids were either applied wet dorsally (a,c) or the spiders were exposed to dry residues tarsally (b,d).