Figure 1

Over the length of a patient’s ICU stay, all timestamps of body fluid (blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid) sampling and antibiotic administration were retrieved. For each of the timestamps, an infection was suspected if antibiotics were administered within 72 hours of any prior body fluid sampling (irrespective of culture findings) or if any body fluids were sampled within 24 hours of prior antibiotic administration. Sepsis-3 criteria were independently evaluated over time windows around the infection-suspected timestamps (IST). Each time window began 48 hours prior to IST until 24 hours post IST. If the criteria were satisfied during a given time window, then the beginning of the window was annotated as the onset time. In the schematic, the 2^nd antibiotics administration falls within 72 hours of previous body fluid sampling; thus, an infection is suspected.