Table 3 VSTMB task outcomes for the two groups of participants.

Linear mixed effects model of change in accuracy from shapes to binding conditions
	β	95% CI	Significance test
	β	95% CI	t		p
Condition	−0.060	−0.091 to −0.029	−3.86		<0.001
Group	−0.018	−0.048 to 0.011	−1.26		0.22
Age	0.000	−0.003 to 0.002	−0.19		0.85
Sex	−0.017	−0.047 to 0.014	−1.11		0.28
Education (years)	0.001	−0.003 to 0.006	0.55		0.59
	β	*95% CI*	t		p
Condition	0.041	−0.060 to 0.142	0.82		0.42
Group	0.057	−0.021 to 0.135	1.48		0.15
Group*Condition	−0.064	−0.125 to −0.003	−2.11		0.04
Age	−0.0002	−0.003 to 0.002	−0.19		0.85
Sex	−0.017	−0.047 to 0.014	−1.11		0.28
Education (years)	0.001	−0.003 to 0.006	0.55		0.59
ANCOVA analysis of difference on each VSTMB outcome
	HLG		CG		Significance test
	*M (SD)*	*Range*	*M (SD)*	*Range*	F	p
Shape MRT (ms)	2153.96 (427.43)	1561–3514	2061.61 (319.21)	1507–2792	0.26	0.61
Shape Acc.	0.95 (0.05)	0.78–1	0.96 (0.04)	0.88–1	0.24	0.63
Shape A’	0.97 (0.05)	0.77–1	0.98 (0.03)	0.88–1	0.74*	0.39
Bind MRT (ms)	2562.36 (550.03)	1832–4455	2330.11 (559.68)	1435–3475	0.78	0.38
Bind Acc.	0.86 (0.11)	0.62–1	0.93 (0.06)	0.78–1	4.92	0.03
Bind A’	0.8 (0.23)	0.23–1	0.92 (0.08)	0.7–1	3.66	0.06

The visual short-term memory binding (VSTMB) task outcomes for the control group (CG) and the hearing loss group (HLG). Linear mixed models were used to examine the primary outcome of change in accuracy from shapes to binding conditions between groups. The ANCOVA models were used to assess all the outcomes of the VSTMB test as a secondary analysis. Age, sex and years of education were included in linear mixed and ANCOVA models as covariates. Mean Reaction Time (MRT) for shapes transformed to inverse of square root to account for non-normality. Binding A’ data transformed to a squared scale. *Assessed using rank analysis of covariance.

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