Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the overall cohort (n = 376).

From: pLG72 levels increase in early phase of Alzheimer’s disease but decrease in late phase

 

Healthy elderly (CDR = 0, n = 108)

MCI (CDR = 0.5, n = 81)

Mild AD (CDR = 1, n = 124)

Moderate AD (CDR = 2, n = 35)

Severe AD (CDR = 3, n = 28)

p Value

Gender, female, n (%)

47 (43.5)

47 (58.0)

79 (63.7)

24 (68.6)

15 (53.6)

0.015a

Age, year, mean (SD)

67.2 (9.8)

68.2 (7.5)

73.6 (7.9)

79.5 (8.2)

77.8 (9.1)

<0.001c

Education, year, mean (SD)

11.2 (4.1)

6.7 (5.0)

5.0 (4.2)

5.1 (5.2)

5.8 (4.9)

<0.001c

MMSE, mean (SD)

28.1 (1.5)

23.3 (3.1)

18.9 (4.4)

11.5 (3.7)

8.1 (4.2)

<0.001b

No. of subjects using anti-dementia drugs

Total number (%)

NA

9 (11.1)

43 (34.7)

4 (11.4)

6 (21.4)

<0.001a*

Donepezil (dose, mean ± SD)

NA

8 (6.9 ± 2.6)

28 (9.1 ± 2.0)

1 (10.0 ± 0.0)

4 (10.0 ± 0.0)

0.011a*

Rivastigmine (dose, mean ± SD)

NA

1 (9.0)

6 (6.8 ± 2.5)

0

2 (5.5 ± 0.7)

0.220a*

Galantamine (dose, mean ± SD)

NA

0

9 (15.1 ± 2.7)

1 (16.0)

0

0.035a*

Memantine (dose, mean ± SD)

NA

0

0

2 (20.0 ± 0.0)

0

0.004a*

pLG72 level (ng/mL), mean (SD)

1.4 (0.7)

2.3 (1.1)

2.9 (1.6)

2.7 (1.4)

2.0 (1.3)

<0.001c

pLG72 with anti-dementia drugs

NA

2.3 (1.1)

2.7 (1.9)

2.3 (1.0)

2.7 (1.8)

0.999c*

pLG72 without anti-dementia drugs

1.4 (0.7)

2.3 (1.1)

3.0 (1.4)

2.7 (1.4)

1.8 (1.1)

0.001b

Glycine level (ng/mL), mean (SD)

3815.9 (1333.0)

4198.5 (1351.1)

4892.4 (2091.9)

4949.4 (2252.8)

4214.2 (1120.5)

0.061b

L-serine level (ng/mL), mean (SD)

2858.3 (790.7)

3601.8 (1537.5)

3579.2 (1197.2)

3303.9 (1211.9)

3267.6 (1368.3)

0.087b

D-serine level (ng/mL), mean (SD)

30.8 (11.6)

44.6 (25.8)

49.2 (27.2)

54.0 (26.9)

60.8 (25.8)

0.001b

L-alanine level (ng/mL), mean (SD)

11347.0 (3250.9)

11643.3 (3043.1)

12532.0 (3424.6)

12221.2 (3242.2)

12764.5 (3493.5)

0.476b

D-alanine level (ng/mL), mean (SD)

30.2 (38.0)

35.1 (34.2)

31.0 (36.0)

45.4 (33.8)

39.0 (49.4)

0.602b

D/T-serine ratio, mean (SD)

0.011 (0.005)

0.014 (0.009)

0.014 (0.008)

0.017 (0.009)

0.020 (0.009)

0.018b

D/T-alanine ratio, mean (SD)

0.003 (0.003)

0.003 (0.004)

0.003 (0.003)

0.004 (0.003)

0.003 (0.004)

0.899b

  1. NA, not associated; aChi-square test; bANOVA test; cKruskal-Wallis test; *Comparison among MCI, mild, moderate and severe AD groups.
  2. Abbreviations: CDR, Clinical Dementia Rating; MMSE, Mini Mental Status Examination; pLG72, D-amino acid oxidase activator; T-serine, total serine; T-alanine, total alanine; D/T-serine ratio, D-serine/total serine ratio; D/T-alanine ratio, D-alanine/total alanine ratio.
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