Table 2 Blood pressure, carotid intima-media thickness and pulse wave velocity according to total breastfeeding (n = 1136). Pelotas, 2012.

From: Breastfeeding and maternal cardiovascular risk factors: 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort

 

N

Regression coefficient (95% confidence interval)

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

Intima–media thickness (µm)

Pulse wave velocity (m/s)

Crude

Adjusted†¥

Crude

Adjusted†¥

Crude

Adjusted†

Crude

Adjusted†

Breastfeeding

 

p = 0.66*

p = 0.97*

p = 0.36*

p = 0.80*

p = 0.40*

p = 0.80*

p = 0.28*

p = 0.71*

   Never

124

0.51

(−1.8; 2.8)

−0.05

(−2.8; 2.7)

0.80

(−0.9; 2.5)

0.27

(−1.8; 2.3)

1.41

(−1.9; 4.7)

−0.51

(−4.4; 3.4)

0.16

(−0.1; 0.5)

0.07

(−0.3; 0.5)

   Ever

1012

Ref (0)

Ref (0)

Ref (0)

Ref (0)

Ref (0)

Ref (0)

Ref (0)

Ref (0)

Total sum of breastfeeding

 

p = 0.96**

p = 0.81**

p = 0.73**

p = 0.90*

p = 0.82**

P = 0.43*

p = 0.33*

p = 0.69*

   Never

124

0.28

(−2.1; 2.7)

−0.28

(−3.2; 2.7)

0.64

(−1.2; 2.4)

0.10

(−2.0; 2.2)

1.23

(−2.2; 4.7)

−0.81

(−4.9; 3.3)

0.16

(−0.2; 0.5)

0.04

(−0.4; 0.5)

   1–<3

88

−0.41

(−3.2; 2.3)

−0.17

(−4.0; 3.7)

−0.77

(−2.8; 1.3)

−0.71

(−3.5; 2.1)

−0.67

(−4.7; 3.3)

3.64

(−1.7; 9.0)

−0.06

(−0.4; 0.3)

−0.02

(−0.6; 0.5)

   3–<6

142

−0.65

(−2.9; 1.6)

−0.50

(−3.3; 2.2)

0.21

(−1.5; 1.9)

0.28

(−1.7; 2.3)

−1.08

(−4.3; 2.2)

−0.73

(−4.5; 3.0)

−0.20

(−0.5; 0.1)

−0.24

(−0.6; 0.1)

   6–<12

263

−0.40

(−2.2; 1.4)

−0.53

(−2.8; 1.8)

−0.48

(−1.8; 0.9)

−0.64

(−2.3; 1.0)

0.13

(−2.5; 2.7)

−1.72

(−4.9; 1.5)

0.11

(−0.1; 0.4)

0.06

(−0.3; 0.4)

   ≥12

519

Ref (0)

Ref (0)

Ref (0)

Ref (0)

Ref (0)

Ref (0)

Ref (0)

Ref (0)

Parity = 1

 

P = 0.91‡

P = 0.95‡

P = 0.42‡

P = 0.70‡

Total sum of breastfeeding

 

P = 0.41*

p = 0.68*

P = 0.36*

p = 0.64**

P = 0.08**

P = 0.47**

P = 0.12**

P = 0.28**

   Never

97

1.52

(−1.2; 4.2)

0.11

(−3.1; 3.4)

0.92

(−1.3; 3.1)

−0.19

(−2.7; 2.4)

3.40

(−0.6; 7.4)

0.79

(−4.2; 5.8)

0.35

(−0.1; 0.7)

0.28

(−0.2; 0.7)

   1–<3

71

−1.65

(−4.7; 1.4)

−1.52

(−5.4; 2.4)

−1.83

(−4.3; 0.6)

−1.53

(−4.6; 1.5)

1.36

(−3.1; 5.8)

3.89

(−2.2; 9.9)

0.24

(−0.2; 0.7)

0.24

(−0.4; 0.8)

   3–<6

108

−0.71

(−3.3; 1.9)

−1.94

(−5.0; 1.1)

−0.50

(−2.6; 1.6)

−1.10

(−3.5; 1.3)

−0.27

(−4.1; 3.5)

−1.46

(−6.1; 3.1)

0.21

(−0.2; 0.6)

0.08

(−0.4; 0.5)

   6–<12

152

−0.18

(−2.6; 2.2)

−0.20

(−3.0; 2.6)

−0.55

(−2.5; 1.4)

−0.46

(−2.7; 1.7)

−0.71

(−4.1; 2.7)

−0.96

(−5.2; 3.3)

0.33

(−0.1; 0.7)

0.24

(−0.2; 0.6)

   ≥12

171

Ref (0)

Ref (0)

Ref (0)

Ref (0)

Ref (0)

Ref (0)

Ref (0)

Ref (0)

Parity > 1

Total sum of breastfeeding

 

P = 0.25*

p = 0.21**

P = 0.56*

p = 0.34**

P = 0.48*

P = 0.41**

P = 0.04*

P = 0.23**

   Never

27

−4.92

(−10.2; 0.3)

−4.05

(−10.6; 2.5)

−1.76

(−5.5; 2.0)

−1.95

(−6.4; 2.5)

−2.32

(−9.8; 5.2)

−4.92

(−13.7; 3.8)

0.55

(−0.3; 1.4)

−0.27

(−1.5; 1.0)

   1–<3

17

3.94

(−2.6; 10.5)

−2.78

(−13.9; 8.3)

2.00

(−2.6; 6.6)

−3.33

(−11.0; 4.3)

−4.22

(−13.7; 5.3)

−1.01

(−16.9; 14.9)

−0.39

(−1.6; 0.8)

−0.35

(−2.8; 2.1)

   3–<6

34

−1.08

(−5.9; 3.7)

0.19

(−5.9; 6.3)

1.31

(−2.1; 4.7)

1.44

(−2.8; 5.6)

0.24

(−6.7; 7.2)

3.46

(−4.7; 11.6)

−0.79

(−1.4; −0.2)

−0.80

(−1.7; 0.1)

   6–<12

111

−0.90

(−3.8; 2.0)

−1.89

(−5.9; 2.1)

−0.77

(−2.8; 1.3)

−1.78

(−4.5; 0.9)

2.98

(−1.3; 7.2)

−2.33

(−7.5; 2.9)

0.07

(−0.3; 0.4)

0.04

(−0.6; 0.7)

   ≥12

348

Ref (0)

Ref (0)

Ref (0)

Ref (0)

Ref (0)

Ref (0)

Ref (0)

Ref (0)

  1. †Adjusted for genomic ancestry, family income and maternal schooling at birth; asset index at childhood; and family income, schooling, asset index, energy intake, physical activity, alcohol consumption, current smoking and BMI at 2004–5. ¥Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were also adjusted for use of hypertensive drugs. *Test for heterogeneity. **Test for linear trend. ‡p-value for interaction.
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