Figure 2

Comparison of the beam angles due to the forward and backward modes on a symmetrical modulated surface impedance. (a) Typical dispersion diagram of the 1-D leaky wave structure for periodic small perturbations. (b) Dispersion comparison between the forward and backward leaky wave modes at the design frequency (f₀) and a slightly lower than the design frequency sample \(({f}_{0}-\delta f)\) on an asymmetrical surface impedance. Propagation directions illustration of forward and backward leaky waves at (c) f₀ and (d) \({f}_{0}-\delta f\) operation frequencies.