Figure 5
Causal impact of right FEF stimulation on visual detection and relationship with entrained high-beta oscillations. (A) Group impact of active/sham rhythmic and random patterns delivered to the right FEF on the detection of near-threshold targets presented in the left or right visual fields (means and standard errors; statistical comparison: **p < 0.01). Importantly rhythmic (but not random) right FEF active stimulation which, according to EEG evidence (see Figs 2 and 3), increased high-beta power and inter-trial coherence, also increased visual detection sensitivity (d’) for targets displayed in the left visual hemifield. (B) Correlation plots between levels of high-beta entrainment (estimated through increases of amplitude of evoked oscillations between active and sham TMS) and visual detection gains (d’ active TMS - d’ sham TMS) with rhythmic (left) or random (right) active TMS patterns for targets presented in the left visual field. Green dots represent all participants (n = 14). Dark green crossed dots represent pools of participants (n = 11 for high-beta rhythmic TMS, n = 10 for random TMS) who experienced visual detection sensitivity (d’) increases with right FEF stimulation. For high-beta rhythmic TMS, a linear correlation with only the latter selected cohort of participants (black regression line) proved highly significant, whereas for random TMS, no correlation reached significance (***p < 0.001; n.s. non-significant).
