Figure 5 | Scientific Reports

Figure 5

From: Non-cytotoxic hydroxyl-functionalized exfoliated boron nitride nanoflakes impair the immunological function of insect haemocytes in vivo

Figure 5

The long-term study of cellular immune response - nodulation and haemocyte viability assay. Tenebrio molitor specimens were topically exposed to saline (A; control), 2 ng (B) or 2 µg (C) of h-BN-OH-n. Then, nodulation was induced by injection of a Staphylococcus aureus suspension. Arrows show some examples of nodules. Bar: 1 mm. The mean number of nodules formed following the application of saline or h-BN-OH-n (D). Values shown are means ± S.D. The results that are significantly different from those of the control group are indicated p <0.05 (*). Haemocyte bioassay showing viable, adhesive haemocytes after topical exposure of insects to saline (E), saline (F), 2 ng (G) and 2 μg (H) h-BN-OH-n and injection with Staphylococcus aureus suspension (F,H). The active caspases (1–9) were stained with SR-VAD-FMK (no red = no active caspases), the F-actin cytoskeleton was stained with Oregon Green 488 phalloidin (green) and DNA was stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm.

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