Table 1 Characteristics of the Study Participants According to the Status of Having Sleep Problems and Taking Sleeping Pills.
Sleep problems among men | P value | Sleep problems among women | P value | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n = 276) | Yes (n = 165) | No (n = 175) | Yes (n = 210) | |||||||||||
n | (%) | Sleeping pills | n | (%) | Sleeping pills | |||||||||
No (n = 83) | Yes (n = 82) | No (n = 108) | Yes (n = 102) | |||||||||||
n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | |||||||
Sociodemographic factors | ||||||||||||||
Age | 0.0257 | 0.0702 | ||||||||||||
≦70 | 85 | (30.8) | 31 | (37.4) | 27 | (32.9) | 84 | (48.0) | 38 | (35.2) | 35 | (34.3) | ||
70–75 | 59 | (21.4) | 28 | (33.7) | 16 | (19.5) | 48 | (27.4) | 31 | (28.7) | 29 | (28.4) | ||
>75 | 132 | (47.8) | 24 | (28.9) | 39 | (47.6) | 43 | (24.6) | 39 | (36.1) | 38 | (37.3) | ||
Education | 0.1133 | 0.2181 | ||||||||||||
Illiterate | 11 | (4.1) | 3 | (3.7) | 7 | (8.6) | 28 | (16.3) | 15 | (14.3) | 23 | (23.5) | ||
≦6 years | 53 | (19.6) | 13 | (16.1) | 24 | (29.6) | 66 | (38.6) | 34 | (32.4) | 24 | (24.5) | ||
7–12 years | 98 | (36.3) | 32 | (39.5) | 20 | (24.7) | 54 | (31.6) | 40 | (38.1) | 33 | (33.7) | ||
≧13 years | 108 | (40.0) | 33 | (40.7) | 30 | (37.0) | 23 | (13.5) | 16 | (15.2) | 18 | (18.4) | ||
Health-related practices | ||||||||||||||
Smoking | 0.1239 | 0.4049 | ||||||||||||
Never | 180 | (65.2) | 55 | (66.3) | 42 | (51.2) | 173 | (98.9) | 103 | (95.4) | 99 | (97.1) | ||
Current | 36 | (13.0) | 14 | (16.9) | 15 | (18.3) | 1 | (0.6) | 2 | (1.9) | 2 | (2.0) | ||
Former | 60 | (21.7) | 14 | (16.9) | 25 | (30.5) | 1 | (0.6) | 3 | (2.8) | 1 | (1.0) | ||
Drinking | 0.3997 | 0.0014a | ||||||||||||
Never | 186 | (67.4) | 54 | (65.1) | 55 | (67.1) | 161 | (92.0) | 104 | (96.3) | 100 | (98.0) | ||
Current | 62 | (22.5) | 19 | (22.9) | 13 | (15.9) | 14 | (8.0) | 4 | (3.7) | — | — | ||
Former | 28 | (10.1) | 10 | (12.1) | 14 | (17.1) | — | — | — | — | 2 | (2.0) | ||
Exercise | 0.7338 | 0.0356 | ||||||||||||
No | 60 | (21.7) | 20 | (24.1) | 21 | (25.6) | 37 | (21.1) | 37 | (34.3) | 31 | (30.7) | ||
Yes | 216 | (78.3) | 63 | (75.9) | 61 | (74.4) | 138 | (78.9) | 71 | (65.7) | 70 | (69.3) | ||
Chronic problem/Illness | ||||||||||||||
Hypertension | 0.0154 | 0.1862 | ||||||||||||
No | 135 | (49.3) | 48 | (57.8) | 28 | (35.4) | 89 | (51.5) | 59 | (56.2) | 44 | (43.6) | ||
Yes | 139 | (50.7) | 35 | (42.2) | 51 | (64.6) | 84 | (48.5) | 46 | (43.8) | 57 | (56.4) | ||
Diabetes mellitus | 0.0447 | 0.4675 | ||||||||||||
No | 222 | (81.6) | 73 | (88.0) | 59 | (72.8) | 148 | (86.0) | 90 | (83.3) | 91 | (89.2) | ||
Yes | 50 | (18.4) | 10 | (12.0) | 22 | (27.2) | 24 | (14.0) | 18 | (16.7) | 11 | (10.8) | ||
Heart disease | 0.1943 | 0.2925 | ||||||||||||
No | 194 | (71.1) | 62 | (75.6) | 51 | (63.0) | 125 | (72.2) | 74 | (70.5) | 62 | (63.3) | ||
Yes | 79 | (28.9) | 20 | (24.4) | 30 | (37.0) | 48 | (27.8) | 31 | (29.5) | 36 | (36.7) | ||
Hyperlipidemia | 0.0217 | 0.9201 | ||||||||||||
No | 220 | (82.1) | 72 | (87.8) | 57 | (71.3) | 114 | (66.7) | 74 | (68.5) | 66 | (66.0) | ||
Yes | 48 | (17.9) | 10 | (12.2) | 23 | (28.7) | 57 | (33.3) | 34 | (31.5) | 34 | (34.0) | ||
Hyperuricemia | 0.5364 | 0.6002 | ||||||||||||
No | 234 | (85.7) | 74 | (90.2) | 69 | (85.2) | 160 | (93.0) | 97 | (91.5) | 96 | (95.1) | ||
Yes | 39 | (14.3) | 8 | (9.8) | 12 | (14.8) | 12 | (7.0) | 9 | (8.5) | 5 | (4.9) | ||
Arthritis | 0.3618 | 0.2187 | ||||||||||||
No | 217 | (81.0) | 71 | (87.6) | 63 | (80.8) | 125 | (74.4) | 69 | (67.7) | 76 | (78.4) | ||
Yes | 51 | (19.0) | 10 | (12.4) | 15 | (19.2) | 43 | (25.6) | 33 | (32.3) | 21 | (21.6) | ||
Stroke | 0.0001 | 0.8114 | ||||||||||||
No | 254 | (94.4) | 80 | (96.4) | 64 | (81.0) | 166 | (95.9) | 99 | (94.3) | 95 | (95.0) | ||
Yes | 15 | (5.6) | 3 | (3.6) | 15 | (19.0) | 7 | (4.1) | 6 | (5.7) | 5 | (5.0) | ||
Fall history | 0.3690 | 0.0807 | ||||||||||||
No | 236 | (85.8) | 66 | (79.5) | 68 | (82.9) | 130 | (74.3) | 77 | (72.0) | 63 | (61.8) | ||
Yes | 39 | (14.2) | 17 | (20.5) | 14 | (17.1) | 45 | (25.7) | 30 | (28.0) | 39 | (38.2) | ||
Types of sleep problems | ||||||||||||||
Difficulty falling asleep | — | — | 41 | (51.9) | 63 | (78.8) | — | — | 66 | (62.9) | 85 | (86.7) | ||
Many dreams | — | — | 17 | (21.5) | 16 | (20.0) | — | — | 18 | (17.1) | 18 | (18.4) | ||
Easy awakening | — | — | 33 | (41.8) | 28 | (35.0) | — | — | 41 | (39.4) | 32 | (32.7) | ||
Sleepiness | — | — | 2 | (2.5) | — | — | — | — | 2 | (1.9) | 1 | (1.0) | ||
Mental factors | Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | ||
GDS-15 item | 1.48 | (1.81) | 1.78 | (1.91) | 2.50 | (2.80) | 0.0004b | 1.78 | (1.99) | 2.42 | (2.69) | 2.98 | (2.62) | 0.0002b |
