Table 4 Glycemic control, insulin and incretin secretion.

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

36 ± 0.7

35 ± 0.7*

36 ± 0.9

52 ± 2^‡‡

38 ± 1**^,‡

42 ± 2**^,†,‡

Fasting Glucose (mmol/L)

5.3 ± 0.1

4.9 ± 0.1**

4.9 ± 0.1**

8.8 ± 0.4^‡‡

5.8 ± 0.3**^{, ‡‡}

6.0 ± 0.3**^{, ‡}

Peak Glucose (mmol/L)

7.6 ± 0.3

9.2 ± 0.3**

9.5 ± 0.4**

14.3 ± 0.8^‡‡

11.9 ± 0.6*^,‡‡

12.7 ± 0.7^‡‡

Postprandial nadir glucose (mmol/L)

5.3 ± 0.2

3.9 ± 0.2**

3.8 ± 0.2**

9.2 ± 0.5^‡‡

5.5 ± 0.3**^,‡‡

6.2 ± 0.5**^,‡‡

IAUC Glucose (mol × min/L)

‡‡

*, ‡‡

‡‡

Cohort 1 (0–180 min)

80 ± 21

81 ± 18

94 ± 40

367 ± 40

239 ± 26

301 ± 49

Cohort 2 (0–120 min)

244 ± 36

271 ± 58

331 ± 65

665 ± 74

564 ± 66

667 ± 63

Fasting Insulin (pmol/L)

88 ± 8

34 ± 4**

36 ± 4**

139 ± 16‡

46 ± 7**

54 ± 7**

Peak Insulin (pmol/L)

671 ± 88

889 ± 94

868 ± 109

507 ± 62

625 ± 89*^,‡

627 ± 94

IAUC Insulin (nmol × min/L)

Cohort 1 (0–180 min)

32 ± 3

38 ± 5

32 ± 5

32 ± 5

29 ± 4

25 ± 4

Cohort 2 (0–120 min)

60 ± 19

56 ± 20

67 ± 22

28 ± 7

36 ± 11

45 ± 13

Fasting C-peptide (pmol/L)

1054 ± 56

597 ± 43**

588 ± 37**

1415 ± 111‡

746 ± 84**

822 ± 88**^,‡

Peak C-peptide (pmol/L)

3620 ± 241

4434 ± 340*

4270 ± 364

3180 ± 263

3365 ± 339

3490 ± 364

IAUC C-peptide (nmol × min/L)

*

‡

**

**

Cohort 1 (0–180 min)

178 ± 14

223 ± 23

211 ± 23

157 ± 18

183 ± 19

180 ± 20

Cohort 2 (0–120 min)

286 ± 47

316 ± 71

341 ± 63

159 ± 30

264 ± 43

288 ± 48

Basal ISR (pmol × min⁻¹ × kg⁻¹)

2.6 ± 0.13

1.8 ± 0.11**

1.7 ± 0.10**

3.3 ± 0.22^‡

2.1 ± 0.20**

2.2 ± 0.21**^{, ‡}

IAUC ISR (pmol × kg⁻¹)

*

*

‡

**

**

Cohort 1 (0–180 min)

510 ± 49

762 ± 103

676 ± 89

427 ± 46

582 ± 69

603 ± 78

Cohort 2 (0–120 min)

974 ± 149

1238 ± 279

1262 ± 247

528 ± 95

980 ± 140

1008 ± 202

Basal GLP-1 (pmol/L)

12 ± 1

9 ± 1

12 ± 1^†

12 ± 1

10 ± 1

15 ± 2^†

Postprandial GLP-1 (pmol/L), T = 45 min

15 ± 1

N/A

64 ± 10**

16 ± 2

N/A

72 ± 9**

Basal GIP (pmol/L)

7 ± 1

7 ± 1

8 ± 1

10 ± 2

9 ± 1

10 ± 1

Postprandial GIP (pmol/L), T = 60 min

68 ± 9

37 ± 3*

45 ± 5**

65 ± 4

46 ± 2*

52 ± 4*