Table 1 Associations between eating style and eating architecture in the NDNS*, 2000–2001.

From: Eating Style and the Frequency, Size and Timing of Eating Occasions: A cross-sectional analysis using 7-day weighed dietary records

Eating architecture aspect

Emotional eating

External eating

Β†

(95% CI*)

B‡

(95% CI)

Frequency (eating occasions/week)

Eating occasions

1.7

(0, 3.4)

−0.1

(−2.2, 2)

Meals

0.1

(−0.3, 0.4)

0.1

(−0.3, 0.5)

Snacks

1.4

(0.5, 2.3)

−0.3

(−1.4, 0.7)

Drinks

0.2

(−1.2, 1.6)

0

(−1.7, 1.7)

Size (kcal/eating occasion)

Eating occasions

−6

(−12, 1)

2

(−7, 10)

Meals

−15

(−26, −3)

0

(−14, 14)

Snacks

−2

(−14, 9)

3

(−11, 17)

Drinks

−1

(−5, 2)

0

(−4, 4)

Eating period (minutes)

Eating occasions

10

(0, 20)

6

(−7, 18)

Meals

5

(−9, 18)

3

(−14, 20)

Snacks

35

(16, 53)

−24

(−46, −1)

Drinks

5

(−18, 27)

10

(−18, 38)

Time of first eating occasion (minutes)

Eating occasions

−5

(−13, 2)

−2

(−12, 7)

Meals

−4

(−17, 8)

1

(−14, 17)

Snacks

−18

(−34, −3)

12

(−7, 31)

Drinks

−4

(−22, 14)

0

(−22, 22)

Time of last eating occasion (minutes)

Eating occasions

4

(−2, 11)

3

(−4, 11)

Meals

0

(−7, 8)

4

(−5, 14)

Snacks

16

(0, 33)

−11

(−32, 9)

Drinks

0

(−14, 15)

10

(−8, 28)

  1. *NDNS, National Diet and Nutrition Survey; CI, Confidence Interval.
  2. †B is the unstandardized coefficient of Emotional eating from the multiple linear regression of the respective eating architecture aspect on Emotional eating score, External eating score, Restrained eater (Yes, No), Age, Sex (Male or Female), Ethnicity (White, non-white), Occupational social class (manual, non-manual), Educational attainment (Highest educational qualification: Degree or equivalent, Higher education or GCE A level equivalent, GCSE grades A-E or equivalent, No qualifications or other qualifications), Sleep duration (short, average, long), Smoking (Currently a smoker, Past smoker, Never a smoker), Energy intake (Average over 7 days of energy intake, excluding supplements and alcohol (kcal)), Physical activity (Average minutes spent daily on at least moderate activity), Currently on a diet to lose weight (Yes, No), Eating affected by being unwell (Yes, No), BMI, Misreporting category (underreporting, normal reporting, overreporting).
  3. ‡B is the unstandardized coefficient of External eating from the multiple linear regression of the respective eating architecture aspect on External eating score, Emotional eating score, and the remaining covariates as in†.
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