Table 2 Proportion (n) of children assessed as myopic at 7 according to features of their grandparents.

From: Grandmothers’ smoking in pregnancy is associated with a reduced prevalence of early-onset myopia

Variable

MGM

MGF

PGM

PGF

Year of birth

Pre 1925

2.5% (17)

2.6% (30)

2.3% (16)

2.0% (21)

1925–1929

2.4% (23)

2.4% (26)

1.4% (10)

2.3% (17)

1930–1934

1.9% (27)

1.9% (26)

3.0% (27)

2.5% (20)

1935–1939

2.0% (30)

1.8% (23)

1.8% (14)

1.5% (10)

1940–1944

1.3% (16)

1.7% (14)

1.2% (7)

1.2% (4)

1945+

1.6% (14)

1.4% (6)

1.2% (3)

2.4% (3)

P

0.341

0.626

0.127

0.568

N

6636

6229

3905

3763

Ethnic background

White

1.9% (133)

1.9% (130)

1.9% (109)

1.9% (108)

Non-white

4.2% (5)

5.2% (7)

2.5% (3)

2.2% (3)

P

0.082

0.008

0.635

0.843

N

7129

7101

5764

5752

Education level

Lower

1.8% (62)

2.2% (66)

2.1% (61)

1.9% (50)

Higher

2.4% (49)

2.1% (44)

2.1% (33)

2.4% (42)

P

0.170

0.861

0.913

0.229

N

5440

5116

4454

4468

Ever smoked

Yes

1.7% (63)

2.0% (102)

1.4% (44)

1.8% (74)

No

2.3% (75)

1.9% (34)

2.7% (69)

2.6% (30)

P

0.053

0.933

<0.001

0.067

N

7031

6946

5742

5334

Age at birth of parent

<25 years

1.8% (44)

1.4% (16)

1.6% (25)

1.0% (8)

25–34

1.9% (64)

2.0% (74)

2.1% (57)

2.0% (55)

35+

2.3% (19)

2.5% (35)

2.2% (15)

2.5% (31)

P

0.475

0.107

0.201

0.015

N

6636

6229

4947

4769

Parity

0

1.5% (36)

NA

1.8% (15)

NA

1+

2.2% (105)

 

2.4% (33)

 

P

0.080

 

0.361

 
 

 6999

 

2163

 

Smoked prenatally

Yes

1.4% (33)

NA

1.2% (28)

NA

No

2.2% (103)

 

2.5% (85)

 

P

0.018

 

0.001

 

N

6999

 

5720

 

Social group

P

0.551

0.140

0.799

0.542

N

4092

6078

3055

5347

  1. [P values < 0.10 are in bold].
  2. MGM = maternal grandmother; MGF = maternal grandfather; PGM = paternal grandmother; PGF = paternal grandfather.
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