Table 2 Family and subfamily pairwise comparisons for the time-averaged analysis.

	Ankylosauridae	Nodosauridae	Centrosaurinae	Chasmosaurinae	Hadrosaurinae	Lambeosaurinae
k = 2, F = 36.61, p < 0.0001
Ankylosauridae		0.0318	<0.0001	3.00 × 10 ⁻⁴	<0.0001	<0.0001
Nodosauridae	0.0312		<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001
Centrosaurinae	<0.0001	<0.0001		0.4973	<0.0001	<0.0001
Chasmosaurinae	<0.0001	0.0003	0.4973		<0.0001	<0.0001
Hadrosaurinae	<0.0001	0.0002	<0.0001	<0.0001		0.0005
Lambeosaurinae	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.0003
k = 3, F = 24.33, p<0.0001
Ankylosauridae		0.0253	<0.0001	0.0003	<0.0001	<0.0001
Nodosauridae	0.0253		<0.0001	0.0003	0.0003	<0.0001
Centrosaurinae	<0.0001	<0.0001		0.06339	<0.0001	<0.0001
Chasmosaurinae	0.0003	0.0003	0.06339		<0.0001	<0.0001
Hadrosaurinae	<0.0001	0.0003	<0.0001	<0.0001		<0.0001
Lambeosaurinae	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001
k = 4, F = 9.00, p<0.0001
Ankylosauridae		0.05129	<0.0001	0.0005	<0.0001	<0.0001
Nodosauridae	0.05129		<0.0001	0.0003	<0.0001	<0.0001
Centrosaurinae	<0.0001	<0.0001		0.0357	<0.0001	<0.0001
Chasmosaurinae	0.0005	0.0003	0.0357		0.0002	<0.0001
Hadrosaurinae	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.0002		<0.0001
Lambeosaurinae	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001

The overall PERMANOVA statistics are reported at the top. Uncorrected pairwise comparisons are given in the upper right triangle; partial Bonferonni corrected pairwise comparisons are given in the lower left triangle (note: differences in significance between tests reflect corrected α-values, not p-values). Significant results are reported in bold.

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