Table 1 Summary of experimental procedures by sample group.

From: Localized delivery of compounds into articular cartilage by using high-intensity focused ultrasound

Sample

HIFU exposure during PBS immersion

HIFU exposure during MB immersion

Immersion in MB

Characterizing technique

Treatment, T1 (n = 10)

No

Yes

No

LM

Control 1, C1 (n = 10)*

Yes

No

Yes

LM

Control 2, C2 (n = 10)

No

No

Yes

LM

Control 3, C3 (n = 10)

No

No

No

LM

mRNA and viability assessment, treatment, BT (n = 5)

Yes

No

No

mRNA, viability

mRNA and viability assessment, control, BT (n = 5)

No

No

No

mRNA, viability

Complete femoral condyle

No

Yes

Yes (adjacent tissue)

Photograph

  1. The procedures for each sample were applied chronologically from the far-left column towards the far-right column. The protocols were partially adapted from Nieminen et al.21.
  2. *The time between sonication and MB immersion was <20 min.
  3. HIFU: high-intensity focused ultrasound.
  4. PBS: phosphate-buffered saline.
  5. MB: methylene blue (0.005% w/v) in PBS.
  6. LM: light microscopy in transmission mode at peak wavelength 657 nm.
  7. mRNA: mRNA analysis.
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