Table 2 Characteristics of children who underwent transcatheter PDA occlusion therapy and comparison between PDA with and without CRS.

From: Characteristics of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Congenital Rubella Syndrome

Characteristics

PDA cases with CRS

PDA cases without CRS

p-value

Number (%) or median (IQR)

Number (%) or median (IQR)

 

n = 50

n = 290

 

Demographics

Sex (boy)

21 (42.0)

94 (32.4)

0.186b

Date of birth (range)

10 Jan 2009 - 05 Nov 2012

21 Nov 2001 - 23 Sep 2015

 

Age at catheterization (month)

8.4 (6.2–17.5)

11.3 (6.1–34.2)

0.0569c

Body weight at catheterization (kilogram)

5.2 (4.7–7.0)

8.0 (6.0–12.0)

<0.001c

Body height at catheterization (centimeter)

65 (62–73) (n = 43)

72 (64–90) (n = 282)

0.0026c

Body surface area at catheterization (square meter)

0.31 (0.29–0.38) (n = 43)

0.40 (0.33–0.55) (n = 282)

<0.001c

Perinatal information

Birthweight and low birthweight

n = 44

n = 269

 

Birthweight (gram)

2200 (2000–2600)

2900 (2600–3200)

<0.001c

Low birthweight (<2500 gram)

28 (63.6)

49 (18.2)

<0.001b

Gestational weeks at birth

n = 50

n = 290

 
 

37 or more

35 (70.0)

229 (79.0)

0.241b

less than 37

10 (20.0)

47 (16.2)

Unknown

5 (10.0)

14 (4.8)

 

Symptoms

Symptoms from cardiac diseasef

Yes

41 (82.0)

71 (24.5)

<0.001d

No

6 (12.0)

216 (74.5)

Unknown

3 (6.0)

3 (1.0)

 

Cataract

Yes

41 (82.0)

0 (0.0)

<0.001d

No

3 (6.0)

287 (99.0)

Unknown

6 (12.0)

3 (1.0)

 

Hearing impairment

Yes

7 (14.0)

0 (0.0)

<0.001d

No

4 (8.0)

282 (97.2)

Unknown

39 (78.0)

8 (2.8)

 

Developmental delay

Yes

27 (54.0)

6 (2.1)

<0.001d

No

3 (6.0)

276 (95.2)

Unknown

20 (40.0)

8 (2.8)

 

Echocardiography

n = 50

n = 287

 

Atrial septal defect (patent foramen ovale)

7 (14.0)

28 (9.8)

0.449d

Ventricular septal defect

1 (2.0)

7 (2.4)

>0.999d

Pulmonary hypertension by echo

17 (34.0)

71 (24.7)

0.164b

Coarctation of aorta

0 (0.0)

2 (0.8)

>0.999d

Aortic stenosis

11 (22.0)

5 (1.7)

<0.001d

Aortic regurgitation

5 (10.0)

12 (4.2)

0.150d

Pulmonary stenosis

17 (34.0)

2 (0.7)

<0.001d

Pulmonary regurgitation

8 (16.0)

21 (7.3)

0.055d

Mitral regurgitation

9 (18.0)

118 (41.1)

0.002d

Tricuspid regurgitation

24 (48.0)

147 (51.2)

0.674b

Angiography

 

n = 47

n = 276

 

Systolic pressure of aorta (mmHg)

90 (75–116)

74 (64–83)

<0.001c

Mean pressure of aorta (mmHg)

69 (56–79)

53 (46–61)

<0.001c

Diastolic pressure of aorta (mmHg)

50.5 (38–62) (n = 46)

36 (30–42.5)

<0.001c

 

n = 39

n = 235

 

Systolic pressure of main PA (mmHg)

49 (30–67)

33 (26–43)

<0.001c

Mean pressure of main PA (mmHg)

36.5 (25–47) (n = 38)

25 (19–32)

<0.001c

Diastolic pressure of main PA (mmHg)

27 (17–37)

17 (13–24) (n = 234)

<0.001c

PH (mean pressure of main PA ≧25 mmHg)

29 (76.3) (n = 38)

120 (51.1)

0.005d

PDA type

n = 44

n = 285

 

A (conical)

33 (75.0)

244 (85.6)

0.002e

B (window)

0 (0.0)

2 (0.7)

C (tubular)

7 (15.9)

9 (3.2)

D (complex)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.4)

E (elongated)

4 (9.1)

29 (10.2)

PDA size

n = 44

n = 282

 

Aorta side diameter (mm)

8.1 (6.8–9.8)

9.0 (7.7–10.8)

0.0836c

PA side diameter (mm)

2.7 (1.5–4.1)

1.9 (1.4–2.7)

0.0074c

Length (mm)

8.0 (6.8–9.6)

6.8 (5.6–8.7)

0.0019c

Ratio of PA side diameter to aorta side diameter

0.3 (0.2–0.4)

0.2 (0.2–0.3)

0.0015c

Aorta diameter

n = 43

n = 280

 

Diameter proximal to PDA (mm)

6.8 (5.1–7.9)

7.7 (6.2–9.5)

0.0026c

Diameter distal to PDA (mm)

7.6 (6.8–8.7)

8.6 (7.3–9.9)

0.0031c

Estimated aorta diametera

7.4 (7.0–8.4) (n = 43)

9.6 (7.7–11.0) (n = 282)

<0.001c

Aorta diameter proximal to PDA/estimated aorta diametera (%)

93.2 (69.1–105.1) (n = 39)

83.6 (75.1–94.3) (n = 274)

0.2686c

Status at discharge

Alive

50 (100.0)

287 (99.0)

>0.999d

Died/went home to die

0 (0.0)

3 (1.0)

  1. PDA; patent ductus arteriosus, CRS; congenital rubella syndrome, SD; standard deviation, IQR; interquartile range, PA; pulmonary artery, ADO-I; PDA occluders with retention skirt, ADO-II; Amplatzer™ Duct Occluder II.
  2. aEstimated diameter of descending aorta just distal to left subclavian artery.
  3. bChi square test, cWilcoxon rank sum test, dFisher’s exact test.
  4. eFrequency of tubular-type PDA was compared by Fisher’s exact test.
  5. fFast breathing, failure to thrive, and/or poor suckling.
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