Table 1 Grain yield (14% water content), shoot (grain and straw) biomass, yield components, harvest index (HI), and P concentration and accumulation in grain and shoots at maturity as affected by P application rate in three cropping years.

From: Physiological and developmental traits associated with the grain yield of winter wheat as affected by phosphorus fertilizer management

Harvest year

P application rate (kg P ha−1)

Yield (Mg ha−1)

Biomass (Mg ha−1)

Number of spikes m−2

Number of grains spike−1

TKW (g)

HI

P concentration (g kg−1)

P accumulation (kg ha−1)

Grain

Straw

Grain

Straw

2015

0

4.90b

9.38c

427d

24.3b

39.5a

0.45 cd

2.13d

0.16c

9.01d

0.81b

25

8.30a

14.3b

625c

30.2a

39.0a

0.50a

2.87c

0.27c

20.5c

1.93b

50

8.67a

15.5ab

708bc

31.3a

35.6b

0.48ab

3.21b

0.46b

24.0b

3.84a

100

8.33a

16.5a

764ab

32.2a

33.4c

0.44d

3.88a

0.43b

27.8a

4.02a

200

8.26a

15.5ab

795ab

30.4a

32.0c

0.46bcd

4.19a

0.54ab

29.8a

4.55a

400

8.50a

15.7ab

871a

33.1a

32.5c

0.47bc

4.21a

0.60a

30.7a

4.98a

2016

0

2.58d

5.12e

462c

20.5c

36.5c

0.41b

2.73d

0.19c

6.02d

0.57c

25

5.25c

8.39d

482bc

30.4b

43.1a

0.54a

2.96 cd

0.18c

13.4c

0.70c

50

6.72b

11.5c

526ab

35.3a

42.8a

0.50a

3.28bc

0.27b

19.0b

1.58b

100

7.69a

12.7b

566a

35.1a

41.1b

0.52a

3.70a

0.30b

24.4a

1.87b

200

7.86a

12.9b

580a

35.0a

40.8b

0.52a

3.61ab

0.31b

24.4a

1.89b

400

8.30a

14.5a

581a

35.3a

42.0ab

0.49a

3.72a

0.39a

26.6a

2.88a

2017

0

4.35c

7.97c

481c

28.2c

36.8ab

0.47b

2.43c

0.21e

9.23d

0.92e

25

7.82b

13.6b

616b

38.6a

37.9a

0.49a

2.70c

0.29de

18.1c

2.00d

50

8.68ab

15.3ab

829a

35.6ab

35.8abc

0.48ab

3.23b

0.37 cd

24.1b

2.90 cd

100

8.23ab

14.3b

886a

35.8ab

33.4c

0.49a

3.34b

0.49b

23.7b

3.55bc

200

9.21ab

16.8a

878a

31.9bc

33.1c

0.47ab

3.53ab

0.46bc

27.8ab

4.12b

400

9.57a

17.1a

876a

33.5b

34.5bc

0.48ab

3.69a

0.63a

30.3a

5.64a

Source of variation

P application rate (P)

***

***

***

***

***

**

***

***

***

***

Harvest year (Y)

***

***

***

***

***

***

**

***

***

***

P*Y

**

**

***

***

***

**

***

**

ns

**

  1. TKW means thousand-kernel weight. Values are means of four replications. Within each year, means followed by same letters are not significantly different (P < 0.05). ANOVA results are shown at the bottom: ** and *** indicate significance at P < 0.01 and < 0.001, respectively, and “ns” indicates no significant difference.
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