Table 3 Emission factors from rice straw burning.

From: An assessment of irrigated rice production energy efficiency and environmental footprint with in-field and off-field rice straw management practices

Component

Emission factor

Environmental footprint factor

g kg−1 dw

of straw

Sources

GWP-100a

(kgCO2-eq kg−1 emission)

Human toxicity

(kg1,4db-eq kg−1 emission)

Sources

CH4

4.51 (0.36)

a

30.5

—

h, i

N2O

0.069 (0.012)

a

265

—

 

PM2.5

8.3

b

—

0.82

h, i

 

12.9

c, d, e

   

PM10

3.7

f, d, e, g

—

0.82

h, i

 

9.4

b

   
  1. PM2.5 = Particulate matters (2.5 micrometers); PM10 = Particulate matters (10 micrometers);
  2. a = Romasanta et al.4; b = Nguyen et al.46; c = Hays et al.47; d = Ortiz de Zarate et al.48; e = Badarinath et al.49; f = Kadam et al.50; g = Gadde et al.6; h = ECOINVENT5; i = SIMAPRO19; dw = dry weight;
  3. The standard error of the mean is displayed in parentheses.
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