Table 7 Annual GHGE (kg CO2-eq ha−1) from the four rice straw management scenarios from the beginning of the 2015WS to the end of the 2016DS on the IRRI farm.

From: An assessment of irrigated rice production energy efficiency and environmental footprint with in-field and off-field rice straw management practices

GHGE from

CSRm

PSRm

SB

SRt

Seeds

67

67

67

67

Fertilizer

1534

1534

1534

1534

Herbicide

66

66

66

66

Mechanized operations

864 (21.6)

849 (24.0)

875 (28.0)

879 (28.0)

Direct soil emission

3,739 (725)

4,875 (1,235)

4,168 (1,168)

8,671 (2,789)

In-field burning straw

—

—

694 (50.2)

—

Collection of rice straw (using round baler)

500 (65.8)

199 (18.5)

—

—

Transportation of rice straw (truck)

26

10

—

—

Mushroom production (silage and growing)

30

12

—

—

Total

6,826 (813)b

7,612 (1,278)b

7,404 (1,247)b

11,217 (2,817)a

  1. CSRm = Complete straw removed; PSRm = Partial straw removed; SB = Straw burned; SRt = Straw retained. Global warming factors – 100 years (GWP-100a) of CH4 and N2O are 30.5 and 265 kg CO2-eq.
  2. The standard error of the mean is displayed in parentheses;
  3. *ANOVA for the Total GHGE: in this row, numbers followed by same letters are not significant different by F-test Two-Sample for Variance at 0.05 level.
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