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Figure 1

From: Continuation of tropical Pacific Ocean temperature trend may weaken extreme El Niño and its linkage to the Southern Annular Mode

Figure 1

Observed sea surface and Pacific ocean subsurface temperature trends. Trends in September to December mean of (a) sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and (b) equatorial Pacific ocean subsurface temperatures estimated over 1960–2014 using PEODAS ocean reanalysis data (see Methods). The colour shading interval is 0.4 °C, beginning at +/−0.2 °C, for both (a) and (b). The stippling indicates statistical significance of the trends at the 5% level (i.e. p < 0. 05), which was assessed by a two-sided Student t-test with 55 samples. Calculation of the SST and subsurface temperature trends over 54 years 55 times, leaving a year out each time (i.e. cross-validation) confirms the robustness of the trend patterns (not shown).

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