Table 1 Recovery location, extraction group assignment, raw material, technological class, approximate age range and evaluation of use traces for the artefacts selected for this study.

From: Combined organic biomarker and use-wear analyses of stone artefacts from Liang Bua, Flores, Indonesia

Artefact^a	Depth^b (cm)	Extraction group^c,d	Raw material	Technological class	Stratigraphic unit	Age range^e (ka)	Use-wear traces noted during initial macroscopic/low-magnification inspection, before cleaning	Use-wear analysis under low- and high-magnification, after cleaning
XXIV-43	60	G1	quartz	non-artefact	8	5–1	absent	unused
XXIV-42	62	G1	silicified tuff	flake	8	5–1	absent	definite use, but unsure of the material processed
XXIV-79	63	G1	chalcedony	broken flake	8	11–5	absent	unused^h
XXIV-56	71	G1	silicified tuff	broken retouched flake	8	5–1	absent	definite use, but unsure of the material processed
XXIV-69	76	G1	chert	flake	8	11–5	absent	definite use, includes plant
XXV-3923	504	G1	chert	flake	6	14.01–11.75	absent	possible use
XXV-3951	516	G2	andesite	flake from pounding stone or anvil (no used flake margin)	6	14.01–11.75	absent	definite use from pounding, but unsure of the material processed (possibly mineral pigment)
XXV-3950	519	G2	chert	core	6	14.01–11.75	absent	unused
XXV-3957	522	G1	silicified tuff	broken flake	6	14.01–11.75	absent	unused
XXV-3959	522	G2	chert	core	6	14.01–11.75	absent	unused
XXV-4022	528	G2	silicified tuff	flake	6	14.01–11.75	absent	probable use
XXV-4128	538	G1	chalcedony	broken flake	6	14.01–11.75	absent	unused
XXV-4130	539	G1	chert	broken flake	6	14.01–11.75	absent	unused
XXV-4132	542	G2	chert	broken flake	6	14.01–11.75	absent	unused
XXV-4203	554	G1	chalcedony	retouched flake	6	14.01–11.75	absent	possible use^h
XXV-4254	560	G1	silicified tuff	flake	6	14.01–11.75	absent	unused
XXV-4253	562	G1	chalcedony	flake	6	14.01–11.75	absent	unused
XXV-4286	566	G1	silicified tuff	broken flake	6	14.01–11.75	absent	unused
XXV-4283	571	G1	chert	flake (burnt)	6	14.01–11.75	absent	probable use
XXVI-4338	534	G1	chert	flake	6	14.01–11.75	absent	unused
XXVI-4410	538	G2	chalcedony	core	6	14.01–11.75	absent	unused
XXVI-4413	538	G1	chert	flake	6	14.01–11.75	absent	probable use
XXVI-4531	551	G2	silicified tuff	core	6	14.01–11.75	absent	unused^h
XXVI-4581-A^f	558	G1	silicified tuff	retouched flake	6	14.01–11.75	absent	possible use
XXVI-4581-B^f	558	G1	chert	debris	6	14.01–11.75	absent	unused
XXVI-4655	584	G2	andesite	broken hammerstone	6	18.58–13.75	absent	definite use as hammer (stone on stone)
XXVI-4963	623	G2	silicified tuff	flake	6	18.97–17.45	absent	unused
XXVI-4964	625	G1	silicified tuff	flake	6	18.97–17.45	absent	probable use
XXVI-4965	625	G2	silicified tuff	retouched flake	6	18.97–17.45	absent	possible use^h
XXVI-4966-A^f	625	G1	chert	broken retouched flake	6	18.97–17.45	absent	definite use, but unsure of the material processed^h
XXVI-4966-B^f	625	G1	chert	flake	6	18.97–17.45	absent	unused
XXVI-4828	630	G1	silicified tuff	broken flake	6	18.97–17.45	absent	unused
XXVI-5004-A^f	630	G1	chert	broken retouched flake	6	18.97–17.45	absent	probable use
XXVI-5004-B^f	630	G1	silicified tuff	flake	6	18.97–17.45	absent	unused
XXVI-5045	637	G2	silicified tuff	flake	6	18.97–17.45	absent	unused
XXVI-5046	637	G1	chert	broken retouched flake	6	18.97–17.45	absent	definite use, but unsure of the material processed
XXVI-5047	638	G1	chert	flake	6	18.97–17.45	absent	unused
XXVI-5048	638	G1	silicified tuff	broken flake	6	18.97–17.45	absent	unused^h
XXVI-5106	646	G1	silicified tuff	flake	6	18.97–17.45	absent	possible use
XXVI-5107	649	G1	silicified tuff	flake	6	18.97–17.45	absent	unused
XXVI-5108	649	G2	silicified tuff	flake	6	18.97–17.45	absent	probable use
XXVI-5135	657	G1	silicified tuff	non-diagnostic artefact	6	18.97–17.45	absent	possible use
XXVI-5151	662	G2	chert	flake	6	18.97–17.45	absent	definite use, but unsure of the material processed
XXIV-68	77	G3	chert	broken retouched flake	8	11–5	present	probable use
XXIV-67	79	G3	silicified tuff	flake	8	11–5	present	unused
XXV-3932	509	G3	chert	flake	6	14.01–11.75	present	possible use
XXV-3931	513	G5	chalcedony	flake	6	14.01–11.75	present	definite use, and the material (plant) can be identified by use-wear
XXV-3955	517	G4	silicified tuff	flake	6	14.01–11.75	present	possible use
XXV-3953	521	G5	silicified tuff	retouched flake	6	14.01–11.75	present	possible use
XXV-3956	521	G4	chert	flake	6	14.01–11.75	present	possible use
XXV-3954^g	523	G4	chert	flake	6	14.01–11.75	present	definite use, and the material (plant) can be identified by use-wear
XXV-4025^g	526	G5	silicified tuff	broken retouched flake	6	14.01–11.75	present	probable use
XXV-4256	558	G4	silicified tuff	flake	6	14.01–11.75	present	probable use
XXV-4255	561	G4	chert	broken flake	6	14.01–11.75	present	definite use, but unsure of the material processedⁱ
XXV-4443	618	G4	chert	broken flake	6	18.58–13.75	present	definite use, but unsure of the material processedⁱ
XXV-4619	629	G3	chert	broken flake	6	18.97–17.45	present	probable use
XXVI-4257	525	G3	chert	retouched flake	6	14.01–11.75	present	definite use, and the material (plant) can be identified by use-wear
XXVI-4337	530	G5	jasper	retouched flake	6	14.01–11.75	present	unusedⁱ
XXVI-4414	539	G4	chert	flake	6	14.01–11.75	present	possible use
XXVI-4411	541	G5	chert	retouched flake	6	14.01–11.75	present	definite use, but unsure of the material processed
XXVI-4412	541	G3	chert	broken flake	6	14.01–11.75	present	definite use, but unsure of the material processed
XXVI-4534-A^f,g	552	G5	silicified tuff	flake	6	14.01–11.75	present	possible useⁱ
XXVI-4534-B^f	552	G3	quartz	broken flake	6	14.01–11.75	present	unusedⁱ
XXVI-4532	554	G5	chert	retouched flake	6	14.01–11.75	present	definite use, but unsure of the material processed
XXVI-4533-A^f	554	G3	jasper	core	6	14.01–11.75	present	possible use
XXVI-4533-B^f	554	G3	silicified tuff	broken flake	6	14.01–11.75	present	definite use, but unsure of the material processed
XXVI-4579	557	G3	chert	flake	6	14.01–11.75	present	possible use
XXVI-4583	560	G3	chalcedony	broken flake	6	14.01–11.75	present	possible use
XXVI-5002^g	627	G4	silicified tuff	flake	6	18.97–17.45	present	definite use, but unsure of the material processed

^aThe excavated Sector number is given in Roman numerals, and the subsequent number refers to the sequential order in which the artefact was excavated/recorded within each respective Sector.
^bThe depth each artefact was recovered as measured from the present cave floor surface for each respective Sector.
^cFor artefacts where traces of use are absent after initial inspection, G1 (n = 30) and G2 (n = 13) specimens required 16–30 mL and 50–100 mL of extraction solvent for total submersion, respectively.
^dFor artefacts where traces of use are present after initial inspection, the volume ranges used for edge-of-interest (E1) and total submersion (E2) extractions were: 1–4 mL and 4–40 mL, respectively, for G3 specimens; 4–8 mL and 30–70 mL, respectively, for G4 specimens; and 4–30 mL and 50–120 mL, respectively, for G5 specimens.
^eFor Sectors XXV and XXVI, approximate age ranges are based on calibrated radiocarbon ages (in thousands of years before AD 1950) obtained from charcoal recovered in situ during excavation of sediments stratigraphically above and below the stone artefacts (upper and lower 95% confidence intervals for the oldest and youngest ages, respectively)¹⁷. For Sector XXIV, approximate age ranges are based on biostratigraphy and calibrated radiocarbon ages reported in Morley et al.³⁵.
^fOn occasion, two stone artefacts were found in the same sediment pedestal; ‘A’ refers to the first artefact that was partially exposed during excavation, and ‘B’ refers to the second artefact that was initially concealed within the pedestal and only revealed within the laboratory.
^gSpecimen with more than one edge with traces of use.
^hArtefacts with no provisional traces of use, containing either β-sitosterol, abietic acid or cholesterol detectable by GC-MS.
ⁱArtefacts with provisional traces of use, yielding no taxonomically-specific analytes that were monitored by GC-MS.

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Table 1 Recovery location, extraction group assignment, raw material, technological class, approximate age range and evaluation of use traces for the artefacts selected for this study.

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