Figure 1

Steps of experiment I and II. Sample collection and sample preparation. 7-day-old culture of P. spinulosum on PDA medium (A). Injection method reproduced and modified with permission from Kurenda and co-workers39 (B). Representative images of apple fruits with disease symptoms at different time points (0, 4, 8, and 16 days) after P. spinulosum inoculation and corresponding control samples (experiment I) and apple fruit on day 16 after injection with addition of the β-GlcY (experiment II). Arrows and circles indicate sites of injection into the apple fruits.