Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population by the presence of preceding AKIOPT.

From: Acute Kidney Injury in the Outpatient Setting Associates with Risk of End-Stage Renal Disease and Death in Patients with CKD

Variables

No AKIOPT

AKIOPT

AKIOPT status

p-value

Stable AKIOPT

Deteriorating AKIOPT

No AKIOPT VS AKIOPT

No AKIOPT VS AKIOPT status

Participant, n

4141

1905

1537

368

─

─

Proportion of the study population (%)

68.5

31.5

25.4

6.1

─

─

Proportion of patients with AKIOPT (%)

─

─

80.7

19.3

─

─

Age at entry (year)

66.7 (56.4, 76.0)

68.9 (58.7, 77.3)

69.6 (59.2, 78.1)

65.5 (56.3, 74.8)

<0.001

<0.001

Body mass index

24.4 (22.1, 27.2)

23.8 (21.3, 26.8)

23.9 (21.3, 26.8)

23.4 (21.1, 27.0)

<0.001

<0.001

Time from the lowest eGFR to pre-ESRD enrollment (month)

0.10 (0.00, 1.74)

0.43 (0.00, 1.67)

0.52 (0.00, 1.84)

0.00 (0.00, 0.62)

<0.001

<0.001

Serum creatinine variability (mg/dL) – 180 days prior to pre-ESRD enrollment

       Minimum

1.76 (1.27, 3.10)

1.80 (1.21, 3.04)

1.69 (1.18, 2.66)

2.87 (1.64, 4.60)

0.241

<0.001

       Maximum

2.08 (1.49, 3.70)

3.64 (2.40, 6.30)

3.41 (2.30, 5.47)

5.89 (3.18, 8.85)

<0.001

<0.001

       Difference1

0.30 (0.16, 0.60)

1.63 (0.98, 3.00)

1.51 (0.93, 2.66)

2.57 (1.31, 4.20)

<0.001

<0.001

       Percent change (%)2

17.2 (9.8, 27.0)

77.1 (54.9, 122.0)

77.8 (55.2, 121.8)

76.3 (53.7, 122.0)

<0.001

<0.001

eGFR variability (ml/min/1.73m2) – 180 days prior to pre-ESRD enrollment

       Minimum

29.1 (14.2, 45.0)

13.7 (7.6, 23.8)

15.1 (8.7, 25.1)

8.1 (5.2, 16.4)

<0.001

<0.001

       Maximum

35.7 (17.6, 54.4)

32.5 (18.0, 54.1)

35.6 (21.0, 56.8)

19.3 (11.0, 37.9)

0.685

<0.001

       Difference3

5.0 (2.4, 9.2)

16.1 (8.6, 28.4)

18.2 (10.2, 30.1)

10.1 (5.4, 21.0)

<0.001

<0.001

       Percent change (%)4

17.0 (10.0, 24.8)

49.6 (40.9, 61.5)

49.6 (40.9, 61.5)

49.6 (40.4, 61.6)

<0.001

<0.001

Woman, n (%)

1710 (41.29)

887 (46.56)

714 (46.45)

173 (47.01)

<0.001

0.001

Smoking, n (%)

    

0.046

0.024

       Never

3435 (82.95)

1610 (84.51)

1300 (84.58)

310 (84.24)

  

       Former

303 (7.32)

147 (7.72)

126 (8.20)

21 (5.71)

  

       Current

403 (9.73)

148 (7.77)

111 (7.22)

37 (10.05)

  

Alcohol consumption, n (%)

    

0.008

0.008

       Never

3787 (91.45)

1747 (91.71)

1403 (91.28)

344 (93.48)

  

       Former

214 (5.17)

118 (6.19)

103 (6.70)

15 (4.08)

  

       Current

140 (3.38)

40 (2.10)

31 (2.02)

9 (2.45)

  

Education, n (%)

    

<0.001

<0.001

       <9 yrs

1066 (25.74)

615 (32.28)

499 (32.47)

116 (31.52)

  

       9 ≤ ~<12 yrs

1595 (38.52)

758 (39.79)

608 (39.56)

150 (40.76)

  

       12 ≤ ~<16 yrs

968 (23.38)

394 (20.68)

315 (20.49)

79 (21.47)

  

       16 + yrs

512 (12.36)

138 (7.24)

115 (7.48)

23 (6.25)

  

Primary etiologies of CKD, n (%)

    

<0.001

<0.001

       CGN

1557 (37.70)

584 (30.69)

479 (31.18)

105 (28.61)

  

       Systemic disease

2278 (55.16)

1176 (61.80)

943 (61.39)

233 (63.49)

  

       Obstructive nephropathy

95 (2.30)

77 (4.05)

64 (4.17)

13 (3.54)

  

       Other nephropathy

200 (4.84)

66 (3.47)

50 (3.26)

16 (4.36)

  

CKD stage at enrollment, n (%)

    

<0.001

<0.001

       1

173 (4.18)

18 (0.94)

18 (1.17)

0 (0.00)

  

       2

315 (7.61)

55 (2.89)

53 (3.45)

2 (0.54)

  

       3

1779 (42.96)

572 (30.03)

521 (33.90)

51 (13.86)

  

       4

949 (22.92)

625 (32.81)

545 (35.46)

80 (21.74)

  

       5

925 (22.34)

635 (33.33)

400 (26.02)

235 (63.86)

  

Diabetes, n (%)

1608 (38.84)

1019 (53.52)

833 (54.23)

186 (50.54)

<0.001

<0.001

Hypertension, n (%)

2482 (59.95)

1294 (67.96)

1043 (67.90)

251 (68.21)

<0.001

<0.001

Cardiovascular disease, n (%)

1595 (38.53)

922 (48.48)

771 (50.26)

151 (41.03)

<0.001

<0.001

Medication utilization 90 days prior to AKIOPT, n (%)

       NSAIDs

476 (11.51)

392 (20.60)

342 (22.28)

50 (13.59)

<0.001

<0.001

       Contrast

217 (5.25)

309 (16.24)

263 (17.13)

46 (12.50)

<0.001

<0.001

       ACEI

623 (15.06)

329 (17.29)

269 (17.52)

60 (16.30)

0.028

0.075

       ARBs

1538 (37.19)

676 (35.52)

543 (35.37)

133 (36.14)

0.213

0.443

       Diuretics

1415 (34.21)

1062 (55.81)

830 (54.07)

232 (63.04)

<0.001

<0.001

Medication utilization one year prior to pre-ESRD enrollment, n (%)

       Pentoxifylline

990 (23.94)

434 (22.81)

357 (23.26)

77 (20.92)

0.337

0.402

       NSAIDs

1053 (25.46)

728 (38.26)

620 (40.39)

108 (29.35)

<0.001

<0.001

       Contrast

588 (14.22)

618 (32.48)

518 (33.75)

100 (27.17)

<0.001

<0.001

Anti-platelet

       Aspirin

1193 (28.84)

684 (35.94)

570 (37.13)

114 (30.98)

<0.001

<0.001

       Dipyridamole

304 (7.35)

132 (6.94)

106 (6.91)

26 (7.07)

0.564

0.842

       other Anti-platelet agents

392 (9.48)

333 (17.50)

280 (18.24)

53 (14.40)

<0.001

<0.001

Urate-lowering/gout related medications

       Allopurinol

516 (12.48)

241 (12.66)

189 (12.31)

52 (14.13)

0.837

0.626

       Febuxostat

68 (1.64)

74 (3.89)

56 (3.65)

18 (4.89)

<0.001

<0.001

       Benzbromarone

508 (12.28)

199 (10.46)

169 (11.01)

30 (8.15)

0.040

0.038

       Colchicine

504 (12.19)

294 (15.45)

234 (15.24)

60 (16.30)

0.001

0.002

       Sulfinpyrazone

50 (1.21)

24 (1.26)

22 (1.43)

2 (0.54)

0.864

0.373

Anti-hypertensive agents

       ACEI

970 (23.45)

586 (30.79)

482 (31.40)

104 (28.26)

<0.001

<0.001

       ARBs

1896 (45.84)

932 (48.98)

756 (49.25)

176 (47.83)

0.023

0.068

       Diuretics

1875 (45.33)

1374 (72.20)

1096 (71.40)

278 (75.54)

<0.001

<0.001

Anti-diabetic agents

       Oral hypoglycemic agents

1332 (32.21)

781 (41.04)

640 (41.69)

141 (38.32)

<0.001

<0.001

       Insulin

796 (19.25)

858 (45.09)

710 (46.25)

148 (40.22)

<0.001

<0.001

Baseline biochemical parameters

       eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2)

30.8 (15.1, 47.6)

20.1 (10.7, 33.1)

22.9 (13.1, 36.0)

9.5 (5.6, 18.5)

<0.001

<0.001

       Serum creatinine (mg/dL)

1.90 (1.37, 3.47)

2.62 (1.69, 4.53)

2.40 (1.61, 3.92)

4.43 (2.45, 7.71)

<0.001

<0.001

       Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)

30.0 (19.0, 49.0)

40.0 (25.0, 63.0)

38.0 (24.0, 58.0)

59.0 (35.0, 85.0)

<0.001

<0.001

       Serum uric acid (mg/dL)

7.30 (6.10, 8.60)

7.70 (6.40, 9.30)

7.60 (6.30, 9.30)

7.90 (6.60, 9.30)

<0.001

<0.001

       Calcium (mg/dL)

8.90 (8.40, 9.20)

8.70 (8.20, 9.10)

8.70 (8.30, 9.10)

8.65 (8.10, 9.05)

<0.001

<0.001

       Phosphate (mg/dL)

4.10 (3.60, 4.80)

4.30 (3.60, 5.20)

4.20 (3.60, 5.00)

4.70 (4.00, 6.00)

<0.001

<0.001

       Serum albumin (g/dL)

3.90 (3.40, 4.20)

3.60 (3.10, 4.00)

3.60 (3.10, 4.00)

3.50 (3.00, 4.00)

<0.001

<0.001

       Hemoglobin (g/dL)

11.2 (9.5, 13.1)

10.2 (9.0, 11.8)

10.3 (9.2, 11.9)

9.7 (8.5, 11.0)

<0.001

<0.001

       Urine PCR (mg/g)

781 (201, 2442)

1293 (290, 3916)

1080 (251, 3483)

1970 (741, 5911)

<0.001

<0.001

  1. 1Difference of serum creatinine = maximum serum creatinine -minimum serum creatinine.
  2. 2Percent change of serum creatinine = (maximum serum creatinine -minimum serum creatinine)/minimum serum creatinine × 100%.
  3. 3Difference of eGFR = maximum eGFR -minimum eGFR.
  4. 4Percent change of eGFR = (maximum eGFR -minimum eGFR)/maximum eGFR × 100%.
  5. p-values are calculated by Wilcoxon rank sum test for continuous variables and Chi-square test for categorical variables.
  6. Abbreviations: ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, AKI: acute kidney injury, ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker, CGN: chronic glomerulonephritis, CKD: chronic kidney disease, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, IQR: inter-quartile range, NSAID: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, PCR: protein to creatinine ratio.
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