Table 2 Hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for risk of progression to ESRD and all-cause mortality by the presence of preceding AKIOPT.

From: Acute Kidney Injury in the Outpatient Setting Associates with Risk of End-Stage Renal Disease and Death in Patients with CKD

 

Case/N

Person-years

Incidence

Crude HR (95% CI)

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Adjusted HR (95% CI)

Adjusted HR (95% CI)

Adjusted HR (95% CI)

Adjusted HR (95% CI)

ESRD requiring dialysis†

1-year dialysisa

No AKIOPT

321/4141

3629.92

88.43

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

AKIOPT

286/1905

1455.19

196.54

2.11 (1.80, 2.48)

2.14 (1.83, 2.52)

2.00 (1.70, 2.36)

1.78 (1.50, 2.12)

2.61 (2.15, 3.18)

No AKIOPT

321/4141

3629.92

88.43

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

Stable AKIOPT

176/1537

1226.01

143.56

1.55 (1.29, 1.87)

1.59 (1.32, 1.91)

1.47 (1.22, 1.78)

1.33 (1.09, 1.62)

2.15 (1.75, 2.64)

Deteriorating AKIOPT

110/368

229.18

479.97

4.98 (3.99, 6.21)

4.82 (3.85, 6.04)

4.54 (3.61, 5.71)

3.71 (2.93, 4.69)

3.72 (2.75, 5.02)

P for trend

   

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

Overall

No AKIOPT

753/4141

10298.25

73.12

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

AKIOPT

460/1905

3169.43

145.14

1.67 (1.48, 1.87)

1.69 (1.50, 1.90)

1.59 (1.41, 1.80)

1.50 (1.32, 1.71)

1.97 (1.72, 2.26)

No AKIOPT

753/4141

10298.25

73.12

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

Stable AKIOPT

314/1537

2685.45

116.93

1.35 (1.19, 1.54)

1.39 (1.22, 1.58)

1.30 (1.13, 1.49)

1.24 (1.07, 1.43)

1.77 (1.53, 2.04)

Deteriorating AKIOPT

146/368

483.98

301.67

3.34 (2.76, 4.05)

3.19 (2.62, 3.89)

3.05 (2.49, 3.73)

2.68 (2.17, 3.31)

2.52 (1.98, 3.21)

P for trend

   

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

All-cause mortality

1-year mortalityb

No AKIOPT

131/4141

3635.61

36.03

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

AKIOPT

156/1905

1460.99

106.78

2.97 (2.35, 3.74)

2.75 (2.18, 3.48)

2.69 (2.12, 3.42)

2.20 (1.73, 2.82)

2.41 (1.89, 3.09)

No AKIOPT

131/4141

3635.61

36.03

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

Stable AKIOPT

130/1537

1228.83

105.79

2.94 (2.31, 3.75)

2.70 (2.11, 3.44)

2.63 (2.05, 3.38)

2.14 (1.66, 2.77)

2.41 (1.86, 3.13)

Deteriorating AKIOPT

26/368

232.16

111.99

3.12 (2.05, 4.76)

3.07 (2.01, 4.68)

3.03 (1.98, 4.63)

2.56 (1.67, 3.92)

2.41 (1.57, 3.70)

P for trend

   

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

Overall

No AKIOPT

377/4141

10331.20

36.49

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

AKIOPT

287/1905

3198.17

89.74

2.43 (2.08, 2.84)

2.15 (1.84, 2.52)

2.04 (1.74, 2.39)

1.74 (1.48, 2.06)

1.84 (1.56, 2.17)

No AKIOPT

377/4141

10331.20

36.49

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

Stable AKIOPT

238/1537

2701.02

88.11

2.39 (2.03, 2.82)

2.07 (1.76, 2.44)

1.95 (1.65, 2.31)

1.66 (1.40, 1.98)

1.79 (1.50, 2.13)

Deteriorating AKIOPT

49/368

497.15

98.56

2.66 (1.98, 3.59)

2.65 (1.96, 3.58)

2.58 (1.91, 3.49)

2.23 (1.64, 3.02)

2.07 (1.52, 2.81)

P for trend

   

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

  1. †With competing risk analysis for death.
  2. a1-year dialysis: ESRD requiring dialysis within 1 year following pre-ESRD enrollment.
  3. b1-year mortality: All-cause mortality within 1 year following pre-ESRD enrollment.
  4. Incidence = No. of incident dialysis cases/person-years*1000.
  5. Model 1: Adjusted for age at entry, gender, smoking status, alcohol consumption, education (n = 6046).
  6. Model 2: Further adjusted for diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and primary etiologies of CKD (n = 6029).
  7. Model 3: Adjusted for medication utilization within 90 days prior to AKIOPT (n = 6024).
  8. Model 4: Adjusted for the baseline serum creatinine (n = 6024).
  9. Abbreviations: AKIOPT: acute kidney injury in outpatient setting, CI: confidence interval, CKD: chronic kidney disease, ESRD: end-stage renal disease, HR: hazard ratio.
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