Table 1 Subject characteristics, metabolic profile and dietary intake of the 90 study subjects.

Age (years)

38.2 ± 5.7^a

48.8 ± 8.1^b

52.8 ± 7.2^b

<0.001

Height (cm)

168.3 ± 8.2

165.9 ± 5.0

166.0 ± 6.4

0.281

Weight (kg)

71.2 ± 8.8

68.0 ± 9.3

67.6 ± 8.1

0.229

BMI (kg/m²)

25.1 ± 2.2

24.7 ± 2.8

24.5 ± 2.4

0.659

Waist-Hip Ratio (cm)

0.91 ± 0.05^a

0.96 ± 0.06^b

0.98 ± 0.08^c

<0.001

Years since diagnosed as T2D^*

0.0 (0.0, 0.0)^a

3.0 (1.0, 12.3)^b

10.0 (5.8, 15.5)^b

<0.001

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

121.0 ± 11.7^a

128.8 ± 16.2^a

141.9 ± 27.3^b

<0.001

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

81.4 ± 8.0

83.3 ± 8.5

87.3 ± 15.1

0.117

Body fat (%)

30.9 ± 4.8

29.5 ± 5.2

29.0 ± 6.3

0.384

Fat mass (kg)

21.3 ± 5.3

19.5 ± 5.3

19.2 ± 5.5

0.257

Android Fat (%)

42.8 ± 5.1

41.2 ± 6.1

40.2 ± 7.1

0.250

Gynoid Fat (%)

34.7 ± 4.8^a

31.1 ± 5.0^b

29.8 ± 6.^b

0.002

Android:Gynoid ratio

1.24 ± 0.15^a

1.34 ± 0.16^a

1.36 ± 0.18^b

0.014

Appendicular lean mass (kg)

47.0 ± 5.0

45.8 ± 5.2

45.8 ± 4.5

0.572

Bone Mineral Content (kg)

2.9 ± 0.4^a

2.6 ± 0.3^a,b

2.6 ± 0.4^b

0.020

HbA1c (%)

5.2 ± 0.2^a

7.9 ± 1.6^b

7.9 ± 1.9^b

<0.001

Fasting Glucose (mg/dL)

85.9 ± 7.5^a

153.9 ± 68.3^b

135.9 ± 67.2^b

<0.001

Fasting Insulin (mU/L)^#

10.2 ± 5.8

11.6 ± 6.8

17.7 ± 20.7

0.070

C-Peptide (ng/mL)

2.6 ± 0.9^a

3.9 ± 1.9^a

4.7 ± 3.0^b

0.001

Cholesterol (mg/dL)

183.2 ± 31.7

194.7 ± 44.6

171.7 ± 64.0

0.195

HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL)

42.7 ± 7.1

39.2 ± 7.6

38.9 ± 8.0

0.109

LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL)

122.4 ± 27.1

123.7 ± 34.4

107.0 ± 45.9

0.151

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

120.1 ± 52.8^a

181.8 ± 89.1^b

172.0 ± 122.9^a

0.027

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.9 ± 0.1^a

0.9 ± 0.2^a

2.1 ± 1.5^b

<0.001

Energy (kcal)

1534 (1392, 1667)

1577 (1269, 1907)

1325 (1043, 1709)

0.126

Protein (g)

47.2 (38.4, 55.6)

51.2 (40.9, 71.1)

41.7 (30.6, 54.1)

0.111

Protein energy%

11.8 (10.0, 13.7)

12.5 (11.7, 16.5)

12.1 (10.9, 14.0)

0.112

Carbohydrate (g)

247.3 (213.9, 277.9)

235.0 (173.0, 305.0)

213.5 (168.1, 270.5)

0.091

Carbohydrate energy%

66.4 (61.6, 69.2)

61.0 (51.5, 70.6)

62.7 (59.6, 67.5)

0.297

Fat (g)

37.1 (30.9, 48.0)

43.4 (28.4, 52.9)

32.2 (25.2, 50.3)

0.489

Fat energy%

22.7 (19.7, 26.7)

24.1 (18.3, 29.3)

24.4 (20.0, 28.9)

0.659

Saturated fat (g)

11.8 (8.9, 17.8)

12.3 (8.2, 18.5)

13.1 (5.9, 19.0)

0.813

Palmitic acid (g)

4.85 (3.54, 6.30)

5.10 (3.38, 6.57)

4.13 (2.83, 5.60)

0.266

Steric acid (g)

2.13 (1.59, 3.07)

2.38 (1.46, 3.22)

1.83 (1.22, 2.80)

0.354

Monounsaturated fat (g)

7.91 (7.52, 13.67)

9.60 (5.95, 14.3)

8.0 (5.7, 11.7)

0.559

Palmitoleic acid (g)

0.21 (0.14, 0.33)

0.29 (0.13, 0.37)

0.20 (0.11, 0.33)

0.379

Oleic acid (g)

7.40 (6.76, 13.09)

8.91 (5.45, 13.4)

7.15 (5.20, 10.17)

0.368

Polyunsaturated fat (g)

14.4 (10.8, 17.9)

13.4 (8.8, 17.4)

13.6 (8.4, 17.0)

0.818

Linoleic acid (g)

14.0 (10.5, 17.5)

13.0 (8.5, 17.0)

13.5 (8.2, 16.6)

0.782

Linolenic acid (g)

0.30 (0.25, 0.36)

0.29 (0.20, 0.39)

0.26 (0.19, 0.34)

0.474

Arachidonic acid (g)

0.000 (0.000, 0.010)^a

0.002 (0.000, 0.081)^a,b

0.001 (0.001, 0.011)^b

0.031