Figure 1

Hydrographic context and location of study area. (a) Map of mean annual sea surface temperature and major oceanic currents in tropical America (modified from19). (b) Location map of the study sites in Panama and Costa Rica showing areas with relief above 500 m in gray shade and above 3000 m in white. Contour lines depict the average thermocline depth for March (20 °C isotherm) in the region of the Costa Rica Dome according to Fiedler24. Relief map in Fig. 1b made with GeoMapApp (www.geomapapp.org)/CC BY/CC BY63.