Table 2 Pathway over-representation analysis (ORA) of the DEG.

From: Transcriptome changes in undifferentiated Caco-2 cells exposed to food-grade titanium dioxide (E171): contribution of the nano- and micro- sized particles

Time of exposure

Biological function

Name pathway

p-value

2 h

Signal Transduction

Olfactory receptor activity

3.03E-09

Olfactory transduction

4.73E-09

Olfactory Signalling Pathway

8.72E-09

GPCR downstream Signalling

6.47E-07

Signalling by GPCR

1.60E-06

GPCRs, Class A Rhodopsin-like

0.00518

Signal Transduction

0.0125

Immune system

Staphylococcus aureus infection

0.0113

Dectin-2 family

0.0125

Metabolism

Vitamin A and Carotenoid Metabolism

0.0297

Retinol metabolism

0.0468

Transport

Cation-coupled Chloride cotransporters

0.0125

4 h

Signal Transduction

Olfactory Signalling Pathway

1.57E-05

Olfactory receptor activity

9.53E-05

Olfactory transduction

9.53E-05

GPCR downstream Signalling

0.000714

Signalling by GPCR

0.000807

GPCR Signalling-G alpha i

0.0223

GPCR Signalling-pertussis toxin

0.0223

VEGF binds to VEGFR leading to receptor dimerization

0.0223

VEGF ligand-receptor interactions

0.0223

GPCR Signalling-cholera toxin

0.0234

GPCR Signalling-G alpha s Epac and ERK

0.0234

GPCR Signalling-G alpha q

0.0234

VEGF and VEGFR Signalling network

0.0234

Signal Transduction

0.0234

GPCR Signalling-G alpha s PKA and ERK

0.0234

Metabolism

Serotonin and melatonin biosynthesis

0.0127

Bile acid and bile salt metabolism

0.029

Peptide hormone metabolism

0.029

Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 24-hydroxycholesterol

0.029

Biogenic Amine Synthesis

0.037

Metabolism of Angiotensinogen to Angiotensins

0.0389

Primary bile acid biosynthesis

0.0407

Amine-derived hormones

0.044

Transport

Ligand-gated ion channel transport

0.00701

Transport of organic anions

0.0234

Transmembrane transport of small molecules

0.029

Transport of glucose and other sugars, bile salts and organic acids, metal ions and amine compounds

0.0389

Neuronal system

Serotonin and anxiety

0.029

Serotonergic synapse

0.0407

Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction

0.0446

24 h

Signal Transduction

Gastrin-CREB Signal Transduction pathway via PKC and MAPK

0.108

Peptide ligand-binding receptors

0.108

Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like receptors)

0.108

G alpha (i) Signal Transduction events

0.128

Immune system

Negative regulation of MAPK pathway

0.131

Metabolism

Glucocorticoid Receptor Pathway

0.00221

Glycine, serine, alanine and threonine metabolism

0.0207

Creatine metabolism

0.108

Prostaglandin Synthesis and Regulation

0.108

Metabolism of polyamines

0.128

Transport

Bile salt and organic anion SLC transporters

0.128

Neuronal system

TarBasePathway

0.128

HCN channels

0.03

Cancer

Photodynamic therapy-induced HIF-1 survival Signalling

0.128

Gene expression (Transcription)

TP53 Regulates Transcription of Cell Cycle Genes

0.128

Developmental biology

Endoderm Differentiation

0.128

Developmental Biology

0.108

Haemostasis

Hemostasis

0.0382

  1. Pathways related to the DEG after ORA with ConsensusPathDB. The pathways were grouped per time points and per biological function.