Figure 1

The performance in the visual 1-back task and reading test in pre- and post-tests for the four groups of dyslexic children. (a), training effects in VAS and reading skills among trained and untrained dyslexics with VAS deficit; (b) training effects in VAS and reading skills among trained and untrained dyslexics with intact VAS function. VAS_acc, mean accuracy in the visual 1-back task; CHAo, oral character reading speed; CHAs, silent character reading speed; SENo_acc, oral sentence reading accuracy; SENo_speed, oral sentence reading speed; SENs_acc, silent sentence reading accuracy; SENs_speed, silent sentence reading speed. VAS-im DD, dyslexics with VAS deficit; VAS-no DD, dyslexics with normal VAS function. TraDD, trained dyslexics; NonTraDD, nontrained dyslexics. Bars in black represent performance before training; bars in grey represent performance after training. Error bars indicate SEM. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.