Table 1 Effect of exogenously applied Si, SA and their combination on root and shoot’s malonaldehyde (MDA), the superoxide radical (•O₂^–) level and the antioxidant defence enzymes, such as ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol peroxidase under normal and alkaline stress conditions. Different letter (s) in each row indicate a significant difference (P < 0.05) among all treatments by DMRT.

1.30 ± 0.03^b

1.02 ± 0.05^c

1.03 ± 0.04^c

0.94 ± 0.17^c

1.78 ± 0.01^a

1.53 ± 0.04^b

1.42 ± 0.04^b

1.20 ± 0.04^c

2.50 ± 0.34^c

2.62 ± 0.44^c

1.99 ± 0.33^cd

2.70 ± 0.26^c

4.67 ± 1.00^a

3.96 ± 0.81^b

2.29 ± 0.10^c

3.06 ± 0.67^c

19 ± 0.20^c

22.58 ± 0.84^b

19.75 ± 0.20^c

18.91 ± 0.42^c

29.41 ± 1.19^a

22.08 ± 0.62^b

17.58 ± 0.23^d

17.33 ± 0.11^d

12.75 ± 0.70^c

14.25 ± 0.31^b

11.25 ± 0.11^d

11.75 ± 0.31^d

16.5 ± 1.32^a

13.25 ± 0.84^c

11.5 ± 0.20^d

11.75 ± 0.11^d

0.84 ± 0.04^bc

1.34 ± 0.03^a

1.31 ± 0.05^a

1.41 ± 0.01^a

1.01 ± 0.02^b

1.28 ± 0.01^a

1.27 ± 0.01^a

1.30 ± 0.03^a

0.57 ± 0.08^ab

0.65 ± 0.01^a

0.76 ± 0.01^a

0.76 ± 0.01^a

0.66 ± 0.03^a

0.69 ± 0.01^a

0.73 ± 0.02^a

0.70 ± 0.01^a

1.30 ± 0.03^c

1.69 ± 0.02^bc

1.84 ± 0.03^b

2.01 ± 0.01^b

1.73 ± 0.01^bc

1.95 ± 0.02^b

2.30 ± 0.02^a

2.53 ± 0.03^a

0.73 ± 0.02^b

0.89 ± 0.01^a

0.98 ± 0.02^a

0.99 ± 0.04^a

0.88 ± 0.01^a

0.90 ± 0.01^a

0.95 ± 0.04^a

0.98 ± 0.01^a

0.74 ± 0.02^cd

1.33 ± 0.08^b

1.17 ± 0.03^bc

1.55 ± 0.03^a

0.90 ± 0.02^c

1.07 ± 0.02^bc

1.09 ± 0.01^bc

1.21 ± 0.08^b

0.34 ± 0.009^b

0.44 ± 0.03^a

0.038 ± 0.05^a

0.42 ± 0.02^a

0.42 ± 0.01^a

0.43 ± 0.01^a

0.42 ± 0.02^a

0.44 ± 0.02^a

3.35 ± 0.94^g

21.3 4 ± 0.67^e

53.02 ± 6.36^b

33.63 ± 3.09^d

11.97 ± 7.12^f

40.66 ± 1.62^c

43.38 ± 2.18^c

74.76 ± 3.34^a

14.63 ± 0.75^d

18.46 ± 9.14^d

24.70 ± 6.02^d

38.98 ± 12.82^b

32.77 ± 2.05^c

33.69 ± 8.33^c

41.89 ± 7.30^b

51.57 ± 8.10^a